【作者】 张静；

【导师】 万冬梅；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 动物学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 社会性单配制鸟类在养育后代的过程中,配偶双方会有不同的育雏投入策略。鸟类亲代抚育是雌雄双亲之间的合作,同时也存在冲突,这是双亲之间相互权衡的结果,当亲鸟一方的投入减少或完全消失时,另一方将如何做出调整是目前鸟类行为学家非常感兴趣的话题。杂色山雀(Sittiparus varius)是社会性单配制、双亲共同育雏的鸟类,本研究以杂色山雀为研究对象,于2019-2020年在辽宁仙人洞国家级自然保护区,对育雏期雌性亲本进行移除实验,通过录像监控亲本喂食食物量及喂食食物类型的变化,研究雄性亲本的育雏投入改变;鉴于杂色山雀具有较高的婚外父权比例,本研究还进一步探究了父权丧失对雄性育雏投入的影响。结果如下:1)在正常育雏状态下时,雌雄双亲喂食量差异极显著(t=-3.414,P=0.006),雌性亲本喂食量极显著高于雄性亲本的喂食量,表明雌性亲本比雄性亲本对雏鸟付出的投入多。2)雄性亲本会在配偶被移除1h后有明显的行为调整,并且配偶移除前与配偶移除后的雄性亲本总喂食量差异极显著(t=-7.529,P<0.001),但配偶移除后与配偶移除前双亲总喂食量差异不显著(t=-0.885,P=0.395),由此可认为雄性亲本在喂食量上可完全补偿因配偶缺失而导致的投入减少;3)昆虫是杂色山雀育雏的主要食物资源,将育雏食物分为成虫、幼虫两大类,结果显示雄性亲本在配偶移除前、配偶移除后的育雏食物类型占比差异不显著(X~2=0.114,df=1,P=0.736),说明雄性亲本在繁殖补偿过程中并没有改变食物类型构成比例;4)当配偶回归后,雄性亲本育雏总喂食量与配偶移除前差异不显著(t=0.485,P=0.653),说明雄性亲本在配偶回归后会恢复到补偿前状态。5)在正常状态下,丧失与未丧失父权的雄性亲本总喂食量差异不显著(t=0.479,P=0.276);在配偶移除情况下,丧失与未丧失父权的雄性亲本均完全补偿了因配偶缺失导致的投入减少,并且两者补偿程度差异不显著(t=0.138,P=0.160),说明雄性亲本的育雏喂食量及其调整与是否父权丧失无关。综上说明,杂色山雀雄性亲本具有灵活调整其育雏策略的能力,其繁殖补偿机制是完全补偿,且父权丧失与否对其繁殖补偿行为无影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 In social monogamous birds,there are different parental investment strategies in the breeding period.Bird parental care is not only a cooperation between male and female,but also a conflict.This is the result of mutual balance between parents.Researchers are interested in how the parent reacts when the other party’s input reduces or entirely disappears.Varied tit(Sittiparus varius)is a social monogamous bird and both parents raise the offspring.This study took varied tit as the research object and was carried out in Liaoning Xianrendong National Nature Reserve from2019 to 2020.I experimentally removed the female parent away from its nest for a period during the breeding period and recorded the change of feeding amounts and feeding types of parents,to study the change of the input of male parent in raising the offspring.Given that varied tit has a relatively high proportion of extra-paternity,this study further explored the effect of paternity loss on male investment in breeding the offspring.The results were as follows:1.Under the normal condition of raising the offspring,there was a significant difference in total feeding amount between male and female parents(t=-3.414,P=0.006).The feeding amount of female parent was significantly larger than that of male parent,indicating that the female paid more to the offspring than the male did.2.The male had obvious behavior adjustment after 1 h after spouse removal.There was a significant difference in total feeding amount between before and during spouse removed-period(t=7.529,P<0.001).But the total amount of feeding was not significantly different before and during spouse removed-period(t=0.885,P=0.395).The male fully compensated the input caused by the spouses loss decrease.3.Insects are the main food resources of nestlings,and brood food can be divided into two categories:imago and larva.The composition of brood food of male parents before and after mate removal was not significantly different(X~2=0.114,df=1,P=0.736),indicating that the quality of brood food provided by the male parent did not significantly changed due to mate loss.4.There was no significant difference in the total feeding amount after the spouse return comparing with that before the removal of male parent(t=0.485,P=0.653).This indicates that the male returned to the normal brood state after the return of the mate.5.In normal condition of raising the offspring,the total of feeding comparative difference was not significant with and without extra-paternity copulation offspring(t=0.479,P=0.276).In the case of the female spouse removed,with and without female extra-paternity copulation offspring,the male parent both fully compensate for the decrease of input,and the compensation degree was not significantly different(t=0.138,P=0.160).Thus,male feeding strategy remained the same regardless of extra-paternity copulation.In conclusion,male parents of varied tit have the ability to adjust their breeding strategies flexibly,their reproductive compensation mechanism is complete compensation,and extra-paternity copulation has no effect on these behaviors.更多还原