【作者】 刘瑶；

【导师】 张凤路； 赵国顺；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【副题名】以赵县为例

【摘要】 石家庄市赵县位于河北省中南部,小麦-玉米周年两熟条件下降水和光热资源不足、土壤养分供应不均衡、生态资源利用效率偏低等问题限制了该生态区作物生产的发展。因此,亟需挖掘作物节水丰产潜力,提高作物水、肥和光热资源利用效率,进而提高该地区作物产量、品质和种植效益。本试验于2018-2019年在河北省赵县宝丰源农场进行。共采用9个小麦品种,8个玉米品种为试验材料,进行了小麦、玉米品种筛选;设置两个施肥和两个灌水水平进行了小麦水肥优化配置试验;喷施吨田宝和保姆菌对小麦和玉米进行化学调控以及玉米宽窄行和等行距的种植效果比较等试验。系统研究了当地农业资源的优化利用和作物优质高产高效生产,研究结果可为该县农业可持续发展和作物高产高效实践提供理论依据。本试验主要研究结果如下:(1)品种筛选研究表明:不同品种冬小麦的子粒产量变化在5.8t·hm-2～9.8t·hm-2之间,石新828的产量、光温生产效率和光能利用率最高,其次为衡S29和矮抗1号。不同品种夏玉米的产量在5.7t·hm-2～9.9t·hm-2之间,京农科729的产量和光温生产效率最高,且收获时的子粒含水率低于28%,可进行玉米子粒直收。(2)在不同水肥处理下,1水1肥处理下的小麦产量低于2水2肥和2水1肥处理,但水分利用效率分别提高2.69%和1.67%。由1肥到2肥施肥量增加25%,但产量仅提高8.43%;灌水量由春季2水减到1水,产量降低了 11.21%,但灌水量节省了 50%。因此,小麦春季灌溉1水,可以节约宝贵水资源,利于当地农业的可持续发展。(3)小麦玉米化控试验表明,“吨田宝”处理可提高小麦成穗率、LAI、干物质积累量,可以使小麦平均增产27.53%。“保姆菌”处理的效果稍次于“吨田宝”,亦可以使小麦平均增产16.41%。抗倒型和抗逆型的“吨田宝”及其叠加剂型均可提高玉米的干物质积累量和子粒产量。喷施“吨田宝抗倒剂”的玉米比对照增产8.74%,喷施“吨田宝抗逆剂”的玉米比对照增产16.30%,喷施“吨田宝抗倒剂+抗逆剂”的玉米比对照增产28.52%。由此可见,选择合适的化控剂可提高小麦、玉米的抗逆能力和对农业资源利用效率。(4)玉米不同种植方式比较表明,宽窄行种植比等行距种植增产10.24%～12.15%。宽窄行种植改善了玉米群体光分布和抗逆能力,优化了对光资源的利用。综上所述,赵县的小麦-玉米周年两熟种植仍有一定的增产潜力。选择适宜的小麦、玉米品种并搭配合适的种植方式,优化水肥运筹和合理使用化学调控剂可以提高水肥和光能利用率,优化利用光温资源,利于该地区农业的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhao County of Shijiazhuang City is located in the south-central part of Hebei Province.Under the condition of wheat-maize annual double cropping,insufficient precipitation,light and heat resources,imbalanced soil nutrient supply,and low ecological resource utilization efficiency have restricted the development of crop production in this ecological region.Therefore,there is an urgent need to tap crop water-saving and high-yield potential,improve crop water,fertilizer,and light and heat resource utilization efficiency,thereby improving crop yield,quality and planting efficiency in the region.The experiment was conducted in Baofengyuan Family Farm of Zhao County,Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019.A total of 9 wheat and 8 maize varieties were used as experimental materials,and experiments were carried out on the selection of wheat and maize varieties,the optimal allocation of wheat water and fertilizer,the chemical regulation of wheat and maize,and the comparison of maize planting methods,and systematically studied the local agricultural resources.Optimized utilization and high-quality,high-yield and efficient production of crops,the research results can provide a theoretical basis for the county’s sustainable agricultural development and high-yield and high-efficiency crop practices.The main research results of this experiment are as follows:(1)Variety selection studies showed that the grain yield of different varieties of winter wheat varied between 5.8 and 9.8 t·hm-2,Shixin 828 had the highest yield,light temperature production efficiency and light energy utilization,followed by Heng S 29 and Aikang1.The yield of different varieties of summer maize is between 5.7 and 9.9t·hm-2.Jingnongke 729 has the highest yield and light-temperature production efficiency,and the grain moisture content at harvest is less than 28%,which can be directly harvested by grain.(2)Under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments,the yield of wheat under the treatment of 1 irrigation and 1 fertilizer was lower than that of the treatments of 2 irrigation and 2 fertilizer and 2 irrigation and 1 fertilizer treatment,but the water use efficiency increased by 2.69%and 1.67%,respectively.Fertilizer amount increased by 25%,but yield only increased by 8.43%;irrigation volume was reduced from 2 irrigation to 1 irrigation in spring,yield was reduced by 11.21%,but irrigation volume was saved by 50%.Therefore,1 irrigation for wheat in spring can save precious water resources and contribute to the sustainable development of local agriculture.(3)The wheat maize chemical control experiment showed that "Duntianbao"treatment can increase wheat spike formation rate,LAI and dry matter accumulation,and can increase wheat yield by 27.53%on average.The effect of "Baomujun" treatment is slightly inferior to that of "Duntianbao",and it can also increase wheat yield by 16.41%on average.Both lodging-resistant and stress-resistant "Duntianbao" and its additive formulations can increase the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of maize.The yield of maize sprayed with "Duntianbao Lodging Resistant Agent" increased by 8.74%compared with the control,and the yield of maize sprayed with "Duntianbao Resistance Resistant Agent" increased by 16.30%than that of the control.It can be seen that choosing appropriate chemical control agents can improve the stress resistance of wheat and maize and the utilization efficiency of agricultural resources.(4)The comparison of different maize planting methods showed that the "wide and narrow rows" planting increased the yield by 10.24%～2.15%compared with the equal row spacing planting."Wide and narrow rows" planting improves the light distribution and resistance of maize populations,and optimizes the use of light resources.In summary,the wheat-maize annual double cropping planting in Zhao County still has the potential to increase production.Choosing suitable wheat and maize varieties and matching suitable planting methods,optimizing water and fertilizer management and reasonable spraying of chemical regulators can increase the utilization of water,fertilizer and light energy,optimize the utilization of agricultural resources,and benefit the sustainable development of agriculture in the region.更多还原