【作者】 李翔；

【导师】 陈滨；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 建筑与土木工程（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 基于人工调节技术的现行建筑室内环境营造方法面临愈来愈多的挑战。该困境源于机械还原论处理复杂性问题时的局限性。破解的方法在于借鉴系统论方法,寻找人体·建筑·自然三者所构成系统和谐共生的规律。受中医“天人相应”理论、现代时间生物学“节律共振”假说以及建筑气候设计方法启发,本研究逐步认识到人体·建筑·自然三者节律协同是该系统和谐共生的基本特征之一。由此,本研究首先探讨考虑节律协同的室内环境营造方法中的基本问题（设计目标及其技术实现方案）,提出节律协同建筑营造理念。然后,开发基于节律协同需求的天然采光与自然室温设计决策工具,以支持前述技术方案实现前述节律协同设计目标。最终,在前述营造理念、设计原则及其目标的指导下,应用所得设计决策工具,开展建筑设计与建造实践,并开展运行实验。具体研究内容及其成果如下:首先,根据人体·建筑·自然三者的节律协同基本特征,提出了节律协同建筑概念:采用在地化的建筑气候响应设计策略以及被动式环境调控低技术,充分利用当地气候潜力,营造适宜的室内光热气候响应节律,使之具有导引人体生理节律与当地自然光热环境周期同步的功能,同时兼顾人体对于室内环境的其它需求。遵循该概念,考虑视觉工效需求、光生物需求、热舒适需求之间的平衡,提出了节律协同光热环境设计原则及其设计目标:日间通过良好的天然采光设计以满足前述各项视觉与非视觉需求;夜间通过背景光设计满足基本交通照明与光生物需求,并通过个性化照明设计满足工效、舒适与愉悦性需求;经建筑本体及其集成被动式低技术调控构件的精心设计,由气候响应所形成的自然室温,满足适应性热舒适与光生物（热健康）需求,并兼顾小时间尺度上的热平衡热舒适需求。此外,还考虑自然能源供给与节律协同室内需求之间平衡,提出了自然能源高效利用建筑系统设计原则:基于建筑构件在建筑能量流动路径上的热调控功能进行集成设计。在该设计原则指导下,存在三大设计目标:供需总量平衡、供需动态平衡以及供需品质匹配。不仅如此,为实现该建筑系统设计原则及其设计目标,通过建筑气候响应技术分类组合,形成了一种均匀辐射建筑系统模式,其应用潜力分析表明,在中国各气候区自然禀赋以及现行建筑热工水平的基础上,利用自然能源可形成满足节律协同建筑需求的自然室温。其次,为实现所提出的节律协同光环境设计目标,本研究针对现行采光设计标准尚未考虑光生理需求的问题,构建基于现行采光设计参数的非视觉效应评价方法,对各采光设计等级所形成采光环境的非视觉效应及其光生物健康风险进行了分析,结果表明:在采用Ⅰ等级与Ⅱ等级的精细视觉作业房间中,使用者的光生物需求可被充分满足;对于采用Ⅲ等级办公房间,虽其日间静态褪黑素抑制率可达100%,但在全阴天空条件下,有家具遮挡的靠窗处以及远离外窗的房间深处,日间动态褪黑素抑制率并不能完全达到100%,可能存在光生物健康风险;对于采用Ⅳ等级的住宅主要空间,因考虑到老年人近日节律调控功能衰弱,并且眼部透光性能下降,需要更高的暴露强度,故可能对长期处于室内的老年人群不利;对于采用Ⅴ等级的短暂停留空间,考虑到非视觉光暴露的延时特性,可忽略其光生物健康风险。再次,为实现所提出的节律协同热环境设计目标,本研究针对缺乏面向早期方案设计阶段的自然室温预测工具的问题,基于三项建筑热特性指标(总得热量G_to、总热损失系数K_to、总有效热容S_to)及其相应的准稳定传热算法,构建简化建筑动态传热模型,基于室内空气热平衡方程,推导得到了自然室温快速预测公式。不仅如此,基于周期性热渗透厚度公式,提出了一种有效热容确定方法,使得在早期方案设计阶段能较准确地预测逐时自然室温。基于EnergyPlus的全年模拟验证结果与基于实测数据的实验验证结果表明,该预测公式能较准确地预测自然室温波动趋势,逐时自然室温的绝对预测误差平均值分别为3.0℃与1.8℃。基于所构建的简化建筑动态传热模型,本研究还针对缺乏基于自然室温设计目标的热工参数决策工具的问题,通过敏感性分析方法,获得了两项基于自然室温的建筑热性能指标(室内外日均温差ΔT_io与室内外日较差之比α_io)与三项建筑热特性指标(总得热量G_to、总热损失系数K_to、总有效热容S_to)之间的函数关系,进而揭示形成自然室温的建筑热设计原理,并提出基于自然室温设计目标的热特性指标决策图。应用案例实测结果表明,该图具有较高的设计决策精度。最后,本研究根据所提出的光热环境设计目标以及设计决策工具,以一栋实验建筑为对象,开展建筑实践,探讨了均匀辐射建筑系统营造过程的设计建造要点,并开展节律协同光热环境性能实验。实验结果表明:实验建筑光热环境实际性能基本满足节律协同设计目标,并且均匀辐射调控系统显著提高了实验建筑的采暖季自然室温以及自然能源利用效率。更多还原

【Abstract】 The current indoor environment building method based on artificial regulation technologies is facing more and more challenges.This bottleneck derives from the limitations of the reductionism method in dealing with complexity issues.The solving way is to learn from the systematology method and search for the law of harmonious coexistence of the system composed of the human body,architecture and nature.Inspired by the theory of"natural-human correspondence"in traditional Chinese medicine,the"rhythmic resonance"hypothesis and the architectural climate design method,this study gradually recognized that the rhythm synchronization between the human body,architecture and nature is one of the basic principle of the system’s harmonious symbiosis.Therefore,this study first discusses the basic issues（design goals and technical solutions）of the indoor environment building method that considers rhythm synchronization,and proposes the concept of rhythm-synchronized buildings.Then,a natural lighting and free-running room temperature design decision-making-aid tools based on rhythm synchronization needs is developed.Finally,under the guidance of the aforementioned building concept,design principles and objectives,an architectural design,construction,and operation practices are carried out based on the proposed design decision-making-aid tools.The specific research content and results are as follows:Firstly,based on the rhythm synchronization principle,the concept of rhythm-synchronized building is proposed:Using localized architectural climate design strategies and passive regulation low-technologies to take advantage of local climate potential,and create a well-being indoor enrivonment,which could synchronize the circadian rhythm of the users to local natural environment cycle,and also considering the other healthy and comfort needs of the human body.Following this concept,considering the balance between visual needs,photobiological needs,and thermal comfort needs,the design principles and design goals are proposed:in the day,using natural lighting to meet the photobiological needs;in the night,using dim background lighting to meet the basic traffic visual needs,and personalized lighting to meet the visual needs;Using building climate response（daylighting&free-running temperature）to meet the needs of adaptive thermal comfort and photobiology.In addition,considering the balance between natural energy supply and rhythm-synchronized building demand,a design principle for an efficient building using natural energy is proposed:using an integrated design to achieve an efficient building system,based on the categories of thermal regulation function of building components on the building energy flow path,Guiding by this design principle,there are three design goals:the total heat balance,the dynamic heat balance,and the matchting of energy quality.Under this design principle and design goals,a uniform radiation regulation building model is proposed,and its application potential analysis showed that the proposed building model could using the natural energies to satisfy the demand of a rhythm-sychronizaed building under current buildings thermal design codes in various climate zones across China.Secondly,this study developed a non-visual effect evaluation method based on the current lighting design parameters.The non-visual effects and its’photobiological risks of the daylighting design ratings were analyzed.The results show that,in the fine visual work room with level Ⅰ and level Ⅱ,the photobiological needs of the user can be fully met.Although the average non-visual effect of level Ⅲ can sometimes reach 100%,the non-visual effect of the position wich covered by furniture or deep in the room,cannot fully reach 100%during the day.Although the average non-visual effect of level Ⅳ also can sometimes be 100%,the main rooms of houses adopt this level may be harmful to the elderly people who long-stay in indoor,considering the elderly’s ciracadian system function is weak,and the eye’s light transmission performance is reduced,which required a higher exposure intensity.the Ⅴ level is mainly for spaces with short stays,considering the delay characteristics of non-visual exposure,it’s photobiological risks can be ignored.Thirdly,this study addresses the problem of the lack of free-running temperature prediction tools for the early design stage.Based on three building thermal characteristics indicators(total heat gain G_to,total heat loss coefficient K_to,total effective heat capacity S_to)and its corresponding quasi-steady-state heat transfer algorithm,a quasi-steady-state building heat transfer model is developed.Accordting to the indoor air heat balance equation,the free-running temperature prediction formula is derived.Based on the periodic penetration formula,an effective heat capacity determination method is proposed,which makes it possible to accurately predict the hourly free-running temperature in the early design stage.The simulation verification results based on EnergyPlus and the experimental verification results based on measured data show that the formula can accurately predict the fluctuation trend of free-running temperature,and the absolute errors of the hourly predicted temperature are 3.0℃and 1.8℃on average.Based on the developed quasi-steady-state building heat transfer model,this dissertation aimed at the problem of lack of thermal parameter decision tools to achieve the design goals of free-running temperature.Through the sensitivity analysis method,it obtained the functional relationship between the free-running temperature design index(the daily average temperature difference between indoor and outdoorΔT_io and the daily range ratio between indoor and outdoorα_io)and three building thermal characteristics indicators(total heat gain G_to,total heat loss coefficient K_to,total effective heat capacity S_to).Then the principles of building thermal design that creat a free-running room temperature is revealed,and a decision-making-aid graph of thermal characteristics index based on the design index of free-running temperature is proposed.The test results of two application case show that the decision chart can accurately design the thermal characteristic indexesFinally,under the guidance of the proposed building concept,design principles and design goals,technology integration strategies and uniform radiation building model,this dissertation uses the proposed design index and decision-making tools,to carry out a construction practice,discuss the design and construction points of the building process,and carry out the performance experiments of luminous and thermal environment.The results show that,in the heating season and the cooling season,the actual performance of the luminous and thermal environment can meet the rhythm-synchronizated design goals,and the uniform radiation system significantly improves the free-runing temperature in heating season and the utilization efficiency of natural energies.更多还原