【作者】 张丹；

【导师】 郑祥福；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 国外马克思主义研究， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 在南非漫长的殖民时期与种族隔离时代,白人政府想方设法地利用各种手段将不同种族强制区隔,来确保不同种族在等级与秩序、富裕与贫穷之间的界线。而随着国内外反种族隔离人士和组织的努力,南非终于在1994年废除了种族隔离制度,并成立了由黑人掌权的新南非政府,从此进入了后种族隔离时代。随着时间的推移,我们发现,进入后种族隔离时代的南非,虽然社会中种族问题看似有所改善,但实则暗流涌动,“白”与“黑”的分野仍然雄踞民众意识形态之峰。本文正是在这种背景下,试图用马克思主义的阶级分析方法对南非后种族隔离时代的种族和阶级问题进行深入分析,认为新南非的种族矛盾与阶级矛盾始终交织在一起,并愈发复杂化,成为实现不同种族之间和谐共处的阻碍和难题。当然,经过26年的种族和解,南非在反对制度性隔离上确实取得了显著成效,但是有着深厚历史渊源的南非种族问题绝不可能在短短二十余年的时间内完全解决。事实也确实如此,新南非社会诸多方面仍然复制与延续了种族隔离时期的黑白分野。例如,白人仍然能把控南非的经济命脉,并因此能够在居住空间、公共区域和教育等领域与非白人保持隔离。此外,在新时期,黑人也在某些领域压迫、歧视白人和有色人。例如,由于政权易手,黑人几乎垄断了国家政权,随之而来的还有黑人对白人精神和心理上的歧视,也就是我们所说的“逆向歧视”。而且,当今的南非还逐渐从一个种族社会转变成阶级社会。由于进入后种族隔离时代的南非依然是一个资本主义国家,这就决定了其社会内部的矛盾仍然是资产阶级与无产阶级的矛盾。为了维护自己的利益,新南非的资本家们竭尽全力进行阶级分化。在黑白资本家的共同操控下,黑白人内部的阶级分化问题十分严重,工人阶级内部的分化状况也不容乐观。因此,后种族隔离时代的南非的阶级问题也比种族隔离时期要明显和严重得多。最后,本文还预测了新南非种族主义和阶级斗争的基本走向和发展趋势。在新南非的种族主义发展趋势方面,本文认为,在相当长的一段时间内,新南非的黑白矛盾依然难解。不过,随着新南非国内各种利益诉求的变化,今后一段时间里,其社会的种族矛盾将越来越被阶级矛盾所淡化。而在新南非的阶级斗争发展趋势方面,本文认为,其斗争主要局限在经济层面,不太可能上升到政治、思想、军事层面,即使出现了一些比较严重的阶级冲突事件,最后也多以阶级调和为主,暴力冲突是少数现象。不过,虽然统治着南非的三方联盟长期处于斗而不破的状态,但是近年来其联盟内部出现了不少隐患,又为新南非未来的发展蒙上了一层阴影,恐怕会发生无法预料的变数。因此,总的来讲,新南非的种族和阶级问题十分复杂,黑人与白人之间的种族矛盾、资产阶级和无产阶级之间的阶级矛盾等问题,不仅本身就非常难解,还因为两者交互在一起而变得更加扑朔迷离。所以在后种族隔离时代,南非想要实现纳尔逊·曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)提出的黑白人平等相处、共同繁荣的“彩虹之邦”景象,仍然任重而道远。更多还原

【Abstract】 During South Africa’s long colonial and apartheid eras,the white government sought to use every tools to enforce racial segregation,to ensure that different races were divided between class and order,wealth and poverty.With the efforts of anti-apartheid people and organizations at home and abroad,South Africa finally abolished the apartheid system in 1994 and established a new South African government with black power,thus entering the post-apartheid era.As time goes on,we find that in post-apartheid South Africa,although the racial issues in the society seem to have improved,but in fact,there is an undercurrent,and the distinction between “white” and “black” still dominates the ideological peak of the people.It is against this background,this paper try to attempts to make an in-depth analysis of the racial and class problems in South Africa’s post-apartheid era with Marxist class analysis methods,it holds that the racial and class contradictions in the new South Africa have always been intertwined and become more and more complicated,thus becoming an obstacle and a difficult problem to realize harmonious coexistence between different races.Of course,after 26 years of racial reconciliation,South Africa has indeed achieved remarkable results in opposing institutional segregation,but South Africa’s racial problem with profound historical origins cannot be completely solved in just over 20 years.As a matter of fact,this is also true.There are still many aspects reproduce and continue the black-and-white division during the apartheid era in the new South African society.For example,white people can still control South Africa’s economic lifeline,and thus can remain isolated from non-white people in areas such as living space,public areas and education.In addition,in the new era,blacks also oppressed and discriminated against whites and colored people in some fields.For example,due to the change of power,black people have almost monopolized the state power,followed by black people’s spiritual and psychological discrimination against white people,which is what we call “reverse discrimination”.In addition,today’s South Africa is gradually changing from a racial society to a class society.Since South Africa is still a capitalist country after entering the post-apartheid era,this determines that the contradictions within its society are still the contradictions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.In order to safeguard their own interests,the capitalists of the new South Africa did their best to divide the class.Under the joint control of black-and-white capitalists,the class division within the black-and-white people is very serious,and the division within the working class is not optimistic.Therefore,the class problem in post-apartheid South Africa is much more obvious and serious than that in apartheid.Finally,this paper also predicts the basic trend and development trend of racism and class struggle in the new South Africa.In terms of the development trend of racism in the new South Africa,this paper holds that for a long time,the contradiction between black and white in the new South Africa is still difficult to be solved.But as the interests of the new South Africa change,racial tensions will be increasingly diluted by class tensions in the future.In terms of the development trend of class struggle in new South Africa,this paper holds that the struggle is mainly confined to the economic level,and is unlikely to rise to the political,ideological and military level.Even if there are some serious class conflicts,they are mostly based on class reconciliation in the end,and violent conflicts are a minority phenomenon.However,although the tripartite alliance that dominates South Africa has long been in a state of fighting but not breaking down,there have been many hidden dangers within the alliance in recent years,casting a shadow over the future development of the new South Africa,and unpredictable variables may occur.Thus,on the whole,the race and class problems in New South Africa are very complicated.The racial contradictions between blacks and whites and the class conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are not only very difficult in themselves,but also become more complicated because of the interaction between the two.Therefore,in the post-apartheid era,South Africa still has a long way to go to realize Nelson Mandela’s vision of a “rainbow state” where black and white people live on equal terms and prosper together.更多还原