【作者】 苏宁；

【导师】 敖妍；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 林业硕士（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge),无患子科(Sapindaceae)文冠果属木本植物,分布于我国北方。文冠果的种仁可以制成生物柴油、食用油,果壳可以进行药用成分的提取、皂苷的提取,用于生产洗涤剂,种皮可以制成活性炭等。是一种具有很高综合利用价值的生物能源树种。但是目前文冠果除种子外,大部分情况果壳常常被遗弃,果壳中的皂苷没有被充分利用,而且也没有深入研究其果实发育过程中各内含物质的积累动态,不确定以不同目标产物为利用目的的最佳采收时间。本研究以辽宁省朝阳市大平房镇原家洼村文冠果基地内3个文冠果优良无性系11号、10号、15号为试材,对果实发育过程中种实形态变化、果壳和种仁部位的内含物质进行动态分析,并把这些指标与气象数据相结合,探究气象因素对以上性状的影响。有利于明确文冠果种实生长发育规律以及内含物的变化动态,对根据不同的需求确定合理采摘期,提高文冠果果实利用率具有重要的理论及实践意义。研究结果如下:1.辽宁省朝阳市文冠果果期在5月初至7月末,果实的生长呈现出“慢—快—慢”的模式,从开花(5月4日)到花后10 d(5月14日)左右为第一阶段,果实发育缓慢,之后进入快速发育阶段,果实快速发育时间在花后11 d至花后45 d(6月18日)左右,此期间果实横纵径快速增加,3个无性系的横、纵径日平均增长量为10号:1.55 mm,1.68 mm;11号:1.54 mm,1.61 mm;15号:1.39 mm,1.36 mm。第三阶段在花后46 d至花后80 d(7月23日)左右,为平稳生长期,这一时期文冠果果实横纵径发育缓慢,总体数据基本保持稳定,果实大小不再变化。果实在7月23日左右完全成熟,成熟后果壳开裂,种皮变黑。种子发育过程中的横纵径变化与果实相似,也是呈“慢—快—慢”的模式。从开花(5月4日)到花后10 d(5月14日)左右为第一阶段,种子发育缓慢。花后11 d至花后50 d(6月23日)左右视为第二阶段——快速生长阶段,种子在这个时期横纵径快速增大,此期间3个无性系种子的横、纵径日平均增长量为10号:0.33 mm,0.38 mm;11号:0.31 mm,0.34 mm;15号:0.35 mm,0.37 mm。第三阶段在花后51 d至花后80 d(7月23日)左右,为平稳生长期,这一时期文冠果种子横纵径发育缓慢,数值基本保持稳定。种子完全成熟后种皮彻底变为黑色,并且革质化。2.种子在花后40 d(6月13日)左右形成肉眼可见的种仁,种仁油脂从花后45d(6月18日)至花后55 d(6月28日)为快速积累期,之后含量变化幅度不大。3个文冠果无性系种仁含油量丰富,约为56%左右,同时不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,约占总脂肪酸含量的92%左右,种仁油共检测出12种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸有4种,不饱和脂肪酸有8种。油脂积累过程中,各类饱和脂肪酸中,棕榈酸(C16:0)、花生酸(C20:0)与二十四酸(C24:0)随着发育而减少。各类不饱和脂肪酸中,油酸和亚油酸的含量所占的比例始终都是最高的。油酸在发育过程中逐渐增加,顺-11-二十碳烯酸(C20:1)、二十二碳酸(C22:0)、13-二十二碳烯酸(C22:1n9)以及二十四碳烯酸(C24:1)这4种不饱和脂肪酸含量也随着生长发育而增加。亚油酸在种仁发育早期形成,一直是含量最高的脂肪酸,随着种仁的发育逐渐减少。亚麻酸在种子发育中也呈现减少趋势。种子横纵径与种仁内油脂含量呈显著正相关关系,与种仁内其他物质也均存在相关性,说明在种子在出现种仁开始积累油脂后可以初步根据种子形态大小来判断种仁油脂的含量。3.文冠果果壳中主要的皂苷类物质是五环三萜类皂苷,经测定朝阳地区文冠果果壳总皂苷从花后10 d(5月14日)至花后65 d(7月8日)期间为积累期,含量最高时约为1.6%左右,之后含量有所下降,文冠果完全成熟时果壳总皂苷含量约为1.06%左右。通过相关性分析可知,果实横纵径与果壳总皂苷含量呈显著正相关关系,与果壳内非结构性碳水化合物呈正相关关系,果实鲜重与果壳总皂苷含量呈显著正相关关系。果壳总皂苷在积累期时,果实横纵径与果实鲜重在此期间总体也呈上升趋势,所以在一定程度上可以初步根据果实形态大小来判断果壳总皂苷的含量。4.随着种仁油含量的积累,种仁中可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量逐渐减少,与油脂含量呈显著负相关关系,蛋白质积累与油脂积累类似,与油脂含量呈显著正相关关系。果壳非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖与淀粉)与果壳总皂苷积累类似,呈显著正相关关系。5.在该地区,有效积温与所有测定的指标均存在相关性,降水量与所测指标均未显示存在相关性。果实和种子的形态指标主要受到温湿度和积温的影响;果壳内总皂苷含量以及果壳内非结构性碳水化合物受到温湿度和积温的影响;种仁油脂含量以及种仁内其它内含物质主要受到积温和日照时数的影响。6.在该地区,若以生产文冠果食用油为目的,种仁油脂为目标产物,可以选择在花后80 d(7月23日),也就是果实完全成熟时进行采收,此时种仁油脂不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,含油率与最高时相差不大,完全成熟时不饱和脂肪酸含量高,作为食用油可提高产品价值。若以提取种仁神经酸为目的,可在花后70 d至75 d(7月13日至7月18日)左右进行采收,此时3个无性系神经酸含量均为最大。若以提取果壳总皂苷为目的,可在花后65 d(7月8日)左右进行采收,3个无性系均在此时果壳总皂苷含量最大。7.对3个无性系进行评价:果实及种子鲜重:3个无性系果实及种子成熟时鲜重无显著性差异。种仁含油率:花后65 d(7月8日)时11号无性系和15号无性系的含油率达到最大,此时11号无性系种仁含油量(57.45%)显著高于其他两个无性系,10号(54.57%)与15号无性系(55.43%)此时无显著差异;花后70 d(7月13日)时,10号无性系种仁含油率达到最大值,此时3个无性系含油率存在显著性差异,11号无性系(57.20%)>10号无性系(55.80%)>15号无性系(52.50%);果实完全成熟,3个无性系无显著性差异。种仁神经酸含量:花后70 d(7月13日)时11号(3.34%)和15号无性系(4.03%)的种仁神经酸含量达到最大,此时10号无性系(4.19%)与15号无性系间无显著差异,11号无性系神经酸含量显著低于其他两个无性系。花后75 d(7月18日)时,10号无性系神经酸含量达到最大(4.23%),3个无性系神经酸含量均存在显著差异,10号无性系(4.23%)>15号无性系(3.44%)>11号无性系(3.20%)。种仁不饱和脂肪酸含量:3个无性系均在花后80 d(7月23日)时不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,此时11号无性系(92.32%)与15号无性系(92.21%)无显著差异,10号无性系(92.91%)显著高于其他两个无性系。果壳总皂苷含量:花后65 d(7月8日)时果壳总皂苷含量最大,此时3个无性系果壳总皂苷含量差异性显著,11号无性系(1.83%)>15号无性系(1.57%)>10号无性系(1.40%)。花后80 d(7月23日)时,11号(1.17%)和15号无性系(1.15%)无显著差异,10号无性系(0.85%)显著小于其他两个无性系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge is a woody plant distributed in northern China.The seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolium fruit can be made into biodiesel and edible oil.The nutshell can be used to extract medicinal ingredients and saponins.It can be used to produce detergents,and the seed coat can be made into activated carbon.It is a kind of bio-energy tree species with high comprehensive utilization value.But at present,beside seeds,the crown fruit is often discarded,the saponins in the nutshell are not fully utilized,not to mention the accumulation dynamics of saponins during fruit development are not thoroughly studied,and the best harvest time for saponins is uncertain.In this study,three Xanthoceras sorbifolium elite clones No.11,No.10 and No.15 in Xanthoceras sorbifolium base of Yuanjiawa Village,Dapingfang Town,Chaoyang City,Liaoning Province were used as test materials.Dynamic analysis were performed for the contents of shells and kernels.By combining these indicators with meteorological data,we explored the impact of meteorological factors on the above traits.It is conducive to clarify the actual growth and development rules of Xanthoceras sorbifolium and the dynamics of its content,with important theoretical and practical significance for determining a reasonable picking period according to different needs and improving the utilization rate of Xanthoceras sorbifolium.The research results are as follows:1.The fruiting period of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in Chaoyang City,Liaoning Province is from the beginning of May to the end of July.The growth of the fruit shows a "slow-fast-slow" pattern.The first stage start from flowering(May 4)to 10 d after flowering(May 14)with fruit developing slowly,and then enters the rapid development stage.The rapid fruit development time isfrom May 15 to June 18,during which the fruit’s horizontal and vertical diameter increases rapidly,and the third stage is on June 19 Until July 23,for a stable growth period,the fruit’s horizontal and vertical diameters developed slowly during this period,the overall data remained basically stable,and the fruit size no longer changed.The fruit is fully ripe around July 23,and the shell cracks and the seed coat turns black after ripening.The change of the horizontal and vertical diameters during the development of seeds is similar to that of fruits,and it also shows a "slow-fast-slow" pattern.The first stage is from flowering(May 4)to about 10 days after flowering(May 14),and the seeds develop slowly.From 11 d after flowering to about 50 d after flowering(June 23)is regarded as the second stage-rapid growth stage,in which the horizontal and vertical diameters of seeds increase rapidly.The third stage is about 51 d after flowering to 80 d after flowering(July 23).It is a stable growth period.During this period,the diameter and diameter of seeds develop slowly,and the value remains basically stable.After the seeds are fully matured,the seed coat becomes completely black and leathery.2.Seeds transforms into seed kernels visible to the naked eye around June 13 th,and seed kernel oils go through a rapid accumulation period from 45 days after flowering(June 18)to 55 days after flowering(June 28),after which the content does not change much.The kernels of the three A.mandshurica clones are rich in oil,about 56%,and the content of unsaturated fatty acids is rich,accounting for about 92% of the total fatty acid content.A total of 12 kinds of fatty acids are detected in the seed oil,of which saturated fatty acids are 4 kinds,8 kinds of unsaturated fatty acids.During the accumulation of oils and fats,palmitic acid(C16:0),arachidic acid(C20:0),and tetracosanoic acid(C24:0)decrease with development.Among various types of unsaturated fatty acids,the proportion of oleic acid and linoleic acid content is always the highest.Oleic acid gradually increases during development,cis-11-eicosenoic acid(C20:1),behenic acid(C22:0),13-docosaenoic acid(C22:1n9)and The content of four unsaturated fatty acids(C24:1)also increases with growth and development.Linoleic acid is formed early in the development of the seed kernel and has always been the fatty acid with the highest content,and gradually decreases with the development of the seed kernel.Linolenic acid also showed a decreasing trend during seed development.The horizontal and vertical diameters of the seeds are significantly positively related to the oil content in the seed kernel,and there is also a correlation with other substances in the seed kernel,indicating that after the seed begins to accumulateoil in the seed kernel,the seed oil can be preliminarily judged according to the shape of the seed The content.3.The main saponins in Xanthoceras sorbifolium husks are pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins.The total saponins of Xanthoceras sorbifolium husks in Chaoyang area have been determined from 10 d after flowering(May 14)to 65 d after flowering(July 8)During the period of accumulation),the content is about 1.6% when the content is at its highest,then decreases afterwards.The total saponin content of the husk is about 1.06% when the fruit is fully ripe.Correlation analysis showed that the fruit’s horizontal and longitudinal diameters had a significant positive correlation with the total content of husk saponins,and had a positive correlation with the non-structural carbohydrates in the husks,and the fruit fresh weight had a significant positive correlation with the total husk saponins content.During the accumulation period of the total saponins of the fruit shell,the fruit’s horizontal and vertical diameters and fresh weight of the fruit also showed an upward trend during this period,so to a certain extent,the content of the total saponins of the fruit shell can be preliminarily determined according to the shape of the fruit.4.With the accumulation of seed kernel oil content,the soluble sugar content and starch content in seed kernel gradually decreased,showing a significant negative correlation with oil content,protein accumulation is similar to oil accumulation,and has a significant positive correlation with oil content.The non-structural carbohydrates(soluble sugar and starch)in the nutshell are similar to the total saponins in the nutshell,showing a significant positive correlation.5.In this area,a correlation between the effective accumulated temperature and all the measured indicators is found,and there is no correlation between the precipitation and the measured indicators.The morphological indicators of fruits and seeds are mainly affected by temperature,humidity and accumulated temperature;the total saponin content and the non-structural carbohydrates in the husk are also affected by temperature,humidity and the accumulated temperature;the kernel oil content and other contents in the kernel Mainly affected by accumulated temperature and sunshine hours.6.In this area,if the purpose of producing Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge edible oil is to seed kernel oil as the target product,harvesting it 80 days after flowering(July 23),when the fruit is fully ripe is a good choice.Kernel oil has the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids,and the oil content is notmuch different from the highest.When fully mature,the content of unsaturated fatty acids is at high level.As an edible oil,it can increase the value of the product.For the purpose of extracting the seed nerve acid,it can be harvested about 70 d to 75 d after flowering(July 13 to July 18).At this time,the contents of the three clones are the largest.If the purpose is to extract the total saponins in the fruit shell,they can be harvested about 65 days after flowering(July 8).The three clones have the largest total saponin content in the fruit shell at this time.7.Evaluation of three clones:Fruit and seed fresh weight: There is no significant difference in the fresh weight of fruits and seeds of the three clones.Kernel oil content: The oil content of clones 11 and 15 reached the maximum at 65 d(July 8)after flowering.At this time,the kernel oil content of clone 11(57.45%)was significantly higher than that of the other two.There is no significant difference between No.10(54.57%)and No.15(55.43%)clones at this time;70 days after flowering(July 13),the seed kernel oil content of No.10 clone reached the maximum value.There was a significant difference in oil content of the 3 clones at the time.No.11clone(57.20%)> No.10 clone(55.80%)> No.15 clone(52.50%);the fruit was fully mature,and the 3clones were not significant difference.Seed kernel nervonic acid content: 70 days after flowering(July 13),the seed kernel nervonic acid content of No.11(3.34%)and No.15 clones(4.03%)reached the maximum.At this time,No.10 clone(4.19%))There was no significant difference between clone 15 and clone 11,and the nervonic acid content of clone 11 was significantly lower than that of the other two clones.At 75 d(July 18)after flowering,the nervonic acid content of clone 10 reached the maximum(4.23%),and there were significant differences in the nervonic acid content of 3 clones,clone 10(4.23%)> clone 15 Line(3.44%)>No.11 clone(3.20%).Seed kernel unsaturated fatty acid content: all three clones had the highest unsaturated fatty acid content at 80 d(July 23)after flowering,at this time clone 11(92.32%)and clone 15(92.21%)did not Significant difference,the number 10 clone(92.91%)was significantly higher than the other two clones.The total saponins content of the husk: The total saponins content of the husk was the largest at 65 d after anthesis(July 8).At this time,the total saponins content of the three clones was significantly different,and the No.11 clone(1.83%)> No.15 Clones(1.57%)> No.10 clones(1.40%).At 80 d(July23)after flowering,there was no significant difference between the 11(1.17%)and 15(1.15%)clones,and the 10(0.85%)clone was significantly smaller than the other two clones.更多还原