【作者】 王宁；

【导师】 刘玉春；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,我国开始推进农业供给侧结构性改革,调整农业种植结构,大力推进粮改饲,粮改饲的重点是调整玉米种植结构。玉米是河北省主要的粮食作物之一,但是现阶段籽粒玉米存在阶段性供过于求的问题,因此河北省迫切需要减少籽粒玉米的种植面积,通过提高青贮玉米的种植面积可以较好的解决此问题。但是河北省平原区青贮玉米种植面积较小且生产中存在不合理地灌溉和施肥,这样不仅导致青贮玉米产量低、种植费用高而且也对土壤环境造成破坏。因此在河北省青贮玉米生产中亟需确定出合理的种植方式,提高水肥利用效率和产量并减少土壤和地下水的硝酸盐污染,更好地促进环境友好、资源节约型社会建设和实现青贮玉米高产优品的目标。试验分别于2017年6月～9月和2018年6月～9月在河北省石家庄市鹿泉区寺家庄镇南龙贵村进行,试验以科玉188型青贮玉米为研究对象,采用全面试验设计方法,探究了畦灌(B)和沟灌(F)两种技术条件下,不同施肥量(施肥量设置为4个水平,C1:750 kg/hm2、C2:600 kg/hm2、C3:450 kg/hm2和 C4:300 kg/hm2)对青贮玉米的水土环境、生长、产量、耗水量和水肥利用效率的影响,为青贮玉米高产量优品质的生产提供数据支持和详细指导。试验结果主要如下:在试验条件下发现施肥量对青贮玉米的株高、茎粗等生长指标均有显著影响,高施肥量有利于青贮玉米茎粗的增加,且青贮玉米株高、叶面积系数、青贮玉米鲜重和干物质随施肥量增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势;沟灌有对青贮玉米的各项生长指标不同程度的提高趋势,且在沟灌技术下施肥量为600 kg/hm2生长相对好,方差分析显示施肥量对植株生长影响显著。在同一施肥条件下青贮玉米耗水量均值分别为271.8 mm和274.37 mm;在同一灌水技术下水分利用效率表现为C2处理高于C1、C3、C4处理,FC2处理的水分利用效率最高,氮肥偏生产力表现为C4处理高于C1、C2、C3处理,氮肥偏生产力与施氮量呈反比。青贮玉米产量随着施肥量增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,鲜重C2处理分别其他三个处理高出8.2%、6.9%、15.3%和3.6%、9.6%、11.2%;干重C2处理分别其他三个处理高出5.7%、4.1%、13.8%和.6.9%、10.6%、14.8%;沟灌技术优于畦灌技术,鲜重产量沟灌条件下高于畦灌条件下高3.57%,FC2处理产量最高为81.4 t/hm2,施肥量对青贮玉米产量影响显著。从土壤含水率均值来看沟灌高于畦灌2.6%;硝态氮来看C1处理土壤硝态氮含量高于C2、C3、C4处理且分别高出4.2%、5.75%和14%。土壤含水率、盐分含量、电导率和硝态氮含量在0-60 cm深度土层比较活跃,且随土壤深度增加波动减小,土壤盐分含量、电导率和土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量的减少而减少。因此在本次试验条件下从提高青贮玉米产量、水氮利用效率的角度综合分析,沟灌方式施肥量为600 kg/hm2为最佳试验组合,该组合产量和水分利用效率较高。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,China has gradually started to push forward the structural reform of agricultural supply side,adjust the agricultural planting structure,and vigorously promote the grain to feed,the key point of grain changing to feed is to adjust corn planting structure.Corn is also one of the main grain crops in Hebei Province.But at present,there is a problem of periodic oversupply of corn.Therefore,it is urgent to reduce the planting area of corn and increase the planting area of silage corn to solve this problem.However,the silage corn planting area in the plain area of Hebei Province is small and unreasonable irrigation and fertilization are common in the production.Therefore,it is necessary to determine a reasonable planting mode in silage corn production,Improve the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer,increase the output and reduce the nitrate pollution of soil and groundwater,better achieve the goal of environmental friendly and resource saving silage corn production,and improve economic and social benefits.The experiment was conducted in nanlonggui village,Sijiazhuang Town,Luquan District,Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province from June to September 2017 and from June to September 2018,in the experiment,Keyu 188 silage corn was taken as the research object,and adopt comprehensive test design method,the effects of under the condition of border irrigation(B)、furrow irrigation 90(F)and different fertilization(fertilization amount divided into four levels,C1:750 kg/hm2,C2:600 kg/hm2,C3:450 kg/hm2 and C4:300 kg/hm2)on the soil and water environment,growth,yield,water consumption and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of silage corn were studied,drovide data support and detailed guidance for the production of silage corn with high yield and high quality.The main results are as follows:Under the experimental conditions,it was found that the amount of fertilization had an effect on the plant height,stem diameter and other growth indexes of silage corn.High fertilization rate is beneficial to the growth of stem diameter of silage corn,and the plant height,leaf area coefficient,fresh weight and dry matter of silage maize increased first and then decreased with the increase of fertilization.Furrow irrigation has the tendency to improve the growth indexes of silage corn in different degrees.The growth of silage corn under furrow irrigation,the fertilizatios is 600 kg/hm2 is relatively good.Analysis of variance showed that fertilization had significant effect on plant growth.Under the same fertilization condition the average water consumption of silage maize was 271.8 mm and 274.37 mm,respectively.Under the same irrigation technology the results of water use efficiency were C2>C1,C3,C4,and FC2 treatment has the highest water use efficiency,the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer is C4>C1,C2,C3,the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer is inversely proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied,at firs the yield of silage corn increased and then decreased with the increase of fertilization,the fresh weight of C2 was 8.2%,6.9%,15.3%and 3.6%,9.6%11.2%higher than that of the other three treatments.The other three treatments were 5.7%,4.1%,13.8%and.6.9%,10.6%,14.8%higher than the other three treatments.Furrow irrigation technology is better than border irrigation technology,The fresh weight yield of furrow irrigation was 3.57%higher than that of border irrigation.FC2 treatment had the highest yield is 81.4 t/hm2,and fertilization level has significant impact on silage corn yield.The moisture content of furrow irrigation was 2.6%higher than that of border irrigation.It is can be seen from the content of nitrate nitrogen that in C1 treatment was higher than that in C2,C3 and C4 treatment,and the increase was 4.2%,5.75%and 14%.The fluctuation of soil content water content,salinity,conductivity and nitrate nitrogen in 0-60 cm deep soil layer is relatively active and decreased with the increase of soil depth,so it is more and more stable.The content of salt,conductivity and nitrate decreased with the decrease of fertilization.Therefore,under the condition of this experiment,the comprehensive analysis is made from the aspects of increasing silage corn yield,water use efficiency and nitogen partial productivity.The best combination of experiment was 600 kg/hm2 n furrow irrigation,which had the highest yield,the highest water use efficiency.更多还原