【作者】 徐芳；

【导师】 刘建秀；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 园林植物与观赏园艺， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国国民经济的快速发展,污水排放监管不足、污水处理技术与处理设施相对滞后,使得水环境面临的富营养化问题日益严峻,迫切需要合理、高效的治理措施。其中植物净化因具有安全、美观、经济等优点正被广泛的研究与应用。目前涉及的植物多集中于水生植物,且多数为温暖季节材料,低温季节材料偏少,缺少冷暖季节间有效的对接技术,这些都给植物净化富营养水体带来很大的挑战。禾本科(Poaceae)草本植物种类繁多,温暖与低温季节均有适生植物,且多数为多年生植物,对水分适应性强,营养体繁殖能力强,生长速度快,一年可多次收割,经济和(或)景观价值也较高,可以很好地用于富营养水体的净化。本研究以10个暖季禾草和3个冷季禾草为材料,首先通过研究不同季节不同植物对富营养水体中营养物质的去除效果,评价不同季节不同禾草的净化能力;其次研究了不同季节牧用禾草的轮作技术对水体的净化效果,以期实现冷暖季节水体净化的良好对接;最后对不同净化能力的禾草在不同程度富营养水体中生理机理进行了动态研究,探究与植物净化效果相关的植物生理机理。研究结果表明:1.不同季节不同禾草对富营养水体的净化能力研究温暖季节的10个禾草处理富营养水体10d后,水体TN和TP浓度均由重度富营养降至轻度富营养水平,去除率分别达90%和70%以上,且两个狗牙根处理的水体TP达到Ⅲ类水标准;多数禾草处理水体的COD达到Ⅲ类水标准,对COD去除率显著高于对照的46.4%。通过聚类分析,发现6份(‘Tifton 85’狗牙根Cynodon dactylon‘Tifton 85’、‘鄂引 3 号’狗牙根Cynodon dactylon Eyin No.3’、花叶芦竹Arundo donaxvar versicolor、荻 Miscanthussacchariflorus、双穗雀稗Paspalum distichum、矮蒲苇Cortaderia selloana‘Pumila’)净化能力优于对照植物(香蒲Typha angustifolia)的高效禾草。6份高效禾草处理20 d后水体TN和TP均降至非富营养水平,TN、TP及COD浓度均达到Ⅲ类水标准,其中‘Tifton85’狗牙根的TP达到Ⅱ类水标准,COD达到Ⅰ类水标准。植物的干重变化与TN、TP的去除率呈极显著正相关,收割越大的生物量越有利于将营养物质从水体带出。选得的6份禾草生长快速,具有强于香蒲的净化能力,可作为今后富营养水体治理的备选植物。低温季节的矮蒲苇和3个多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)品种处理富营养水体20 d后,供试植物对TN的去除率达90%以上,水体中TN均降至非富营养,达到Ⅲ类水标准;对TP和COD的去除率分别达79%和59%以上,矮蒲苇处理水体的TP降至中度富营养,3个多花黑麦草处理水体的TP降至非富营养;植物处理的COD均达到Ⅲ类水标准,去除率均显著高于对照的54.5%。矮蒲苇在低温的水环境中净化能力较优,可作为全年水体净化的植物材料进行推广;3个多花黑麦草品种间的净化能力存在差异,‘特高’(Lolium multiflorum‘Tetragold’)与‘剑宝’(Loliummultiflorum‘Jumbo’)均优于‘美克斯’(Lolium multiflorum‘Maximus’)。2.暖季型禾草与冷季型禾草轮作对富营养水体的净化能力研究暖季型‘Tifton85’狗牙根处理16 d后,水体中的TN、TP均由重度富营养降至非富营养化浓度,达到Ⅱ类水标准,COD达到Ⅲ类水标准。盖播的3个冷季型多花黑麦草品种中‘特高’表现最好,其处理25 d后水体中TN、TP均由重度富营养降至非富营养化浓度,TN、COD均达到Ⅲ类水标准。暖季型Tifton 85’狗牙根净化效果优异,冷季型的‘特高’多花黑麦草净化效果最好,‘Tifton 85’和‘特高’可作为长三角地区周年水体净化的优异牧草组合进行推广。3.不同禾草对富营养水体的净化效果及其生理机理研究随着试验进行,供试植物叶色出现一定程度的发黄或变浅现象,SPAD值均不同程度的下降;‘Tifton 85’狗牙根处理的水体中TN和TP均最先降至非富营养水平,干重增加量也最大,这可能与其较大的光合速率(22.51～35.66μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)有关;矮蒲苇对TN、TP的净化效果及光合速率(14.7～22.75μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)和香蒲(15.58～22.56μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)相近,均在试验后期降至轻度或非富营养水平,但其对COD的净化速度快于香蒲,并且在水体浓度降低过程中,仍可保持翠绿的观赏叶色;而花叶蒲苇进入水体后生长缓慢,净化效果和光合速率(7.42～16.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)均低于香蒲等植物,不宜作水体净化植物。对富营养水体处理8 d后的植物光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理参数与水体营养物质的去除率及植物干重增加量及氮磷积累进行相关分析表明,TN去除率与植物干重增加量、氮磷积累、光合速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均显著相关,TP去除率与植物干重增加量、光合速率、Fv/Fm均显著相关,COD的去除率与植物氮磷积累量显著相关。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the problem of eutrophic water is increasing seriously with the rapid development of the national economy,reasonable and effective measures are very urgently needed to remedy the damaged environment.Phytoremediation have been studied and applied widely due to its safety,beautiful and economic.Currently,aquatic plants involved in the phytoremediation mainly belong to warm season paint,while fewer cold season plant were studied and used to remedy the eutrophic water,especially lack the effective rotation technique.Which prevent the water purification from conducting smoothly.The gramineous grasses(Poaceae)have rich species and varieties,and most of them have the strong nutrition production ability,and potential application for water purification.Different grasses including 10 warm-season and 3 cold-season were studied in this research.Firstly,the water purification abilities of different plants were studied to screen out the suitable paint materiels used in different seasons.Secondly,the forage-rotation for water purification were studied to screen out the proper forage rotation for water purification in whole year.Finally,the purification ability and physiological mechanism of different grass in different eutrophic water were studied to explore the relationship between the removal efficiency of plants and their physiological mechanism.The results were showed following:1.Purification ability of different grasses to eutrophic water in different seasonAfter 10 days of the treatment during the warm season,TN and TP of the treated water reduced from severe eutrophication level to slight eutrophication level,and the average removal efficiency were above 90%and 70%,respectively.The TP in the water treated by two bermudgrass achieved water standard of class Ⅲ.The COD in the water treated by most materials achieved water standard of class Ⅲ,and their removal efficiency were significantly higher than the control(46.4%).The removal efficiency of six gramineous grasses(refer to Cynodon dactylon Tifton 85’,Cynodon dactylon ’Eyin No.3’,Cortaderia selloana ’Pumila’,Arundo donax var versicolor,Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Paspalum distichum)were higher than that of Typha angustifolia.After 20 days of the treatment,a significant positive correlation was found between variation of dry weight and TN,TP removal efficiency.And TN,TP of six gramineous grasses reduced to noneutrophication level,the removal efficiency of all materials were significantly higher than the control.TN,TP and COD all achieved water standard of class Ⅲ.The six grasses(refer to Cynodon dactylon ’Tifton 85’,Cynodon dactylon ’Eyin No.3’,Cortaderia selloana ’Pumila’,Arundo donax var versicolor,Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Paspalum distichum)could be used to remedy the eutrophic water,After 20 days of the treatment during the cold season,the TN removal efficiency of Cortaderia selloana ’Pumila’ and three Lolium multiflorum were more than 90%,and TN reduced from severe eutrophication level to noneutrophication level,and achieved water standard of class Ⅲ.TP and COD removal efficiency were more than79.0%and 59.0%,respectively.The TP of the water treated by Cortaderia selloana‘Pumila’ reduced to moderate eutrophication level,while the water treated by three Lolium multiflorum reduced to noneutrophication level.The COD in the water treated by all materials achieved water standard of class Ⅲ,and their removal efficiency were significantly higher than the control(54.5%)The purification ability of C.selloana ’Pumila’ was excellent in cold and warm season could be used throughout the year.The purification ability of ’Tetragold’ and’Jumbo’ was better than that of‘Maximus’.2.Purification ability of warm-season and cold-season grass rotation to eutrophic waterAfter 16 days of treatment,TN、TP and COD removal efficiency of warm-season grass——’Tifton 85’ bermudagrass were 98.2%,98.3%and 70.7%,respectively.The TN,TP reduced from severe eutrophication level to noneutrophication level,achieved water standard of class Ⅱ,and COD achieved water standard of class Ⅲ.After 25 days of treatment,TN and TP removal efficiency of ’Tetragold’ ryegrass were 96.8%and 92.1%,respectively,as the highest cultivar among three cold-season grass—ryegrass.The TN and COD achieved water standard of class Ⅲ.The purification ability of warm-season grass—’Tifton 85’ bermudagrass is excellent and cool-season grass—’Tetragold’ ryegrass is the best among three ryegrass.’Tifton 85’ bermudagrass and Tetragold’ ryegrass could be used as an excellent forage rotation for eutrophic water purification over the whole year in the Yangtze River Delta Region.3.Purification ability and physiological mechanism of different grasses in different eutrophic waterThe leaf of tested plant appeared yellowing with the study going,and the SPAD values declined in different degrees.TN,TP of the eutrophic water treated by Cynodon dactylon Tifton 85’ dropped to noneutrophication level firstly.And the dry weight of Cynodon dactylon Tifton 85’ were highest due to its higher photosynthetic rate(22.51～35.66μmol CO2·m-2·s-1).The purification abilities and its photosynthetic rate(14.7～22.75 pmol CO2·m-2·s-1)of Cortaderia selloana ’Pumila’ were similar to that of Typha angustifolia(15.58～22.56μmol CO2·m-2·s-1),while the COD removal efficiency of Cortaderia selloana Pumila were faster than that of Typha angustifolia,and still kept green under the nutrition concentration reduction condition.While Cortaderia selloana ’Silver Comet’ grew slowly,and both the purification abilities and photosynthetic rate(7.42～16.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)were lower than others species,which suggest it could not be used in water purification.Correlation analysis between nutrient removal efficiency,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,increase of biomass and physiological parameters of the tesed materials after 8 days treatment,showed that TN removal efficiency was significantly correlated with increase of dry weight,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,photosynthetic rate and PS Ⅱ maximum yield(Fv/Fm).TP removal efficiency was significantly correlated with increase of dry weight,photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm value.COD removal efficiency was significantly correlated with nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation.更多还原