【作者】 刘娜；

【导师】 王晓光；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验于2018年至2019年在沈阳农业大学试验基地和沈阳市辽中区满都户镇试验基地进行,以农花9号为试材,研究了在相同氮、磷用量情况下,不同的钾素水平对花生植株形态、根瘤特性、光合特性、干物质积累、养分吸收积累以及产量和籽仁品质等方面的影响,探究钾素对花生生理代谢及产量形成的作用机理,并明确不同地区花生的最佳钾肥施用量,为花生的大田生产提供参考依据。本试验得出的主要结论如下:1.花生的主茎高和侧枝长对钾素的用量不敏感,钾素的多少与有无没有对其株高造成显著差异,因此推测钾素对花生的株高影响不大;钾素的适量增施能显著提高花生开花下针期的叶面积指数,但两地的效果略有差异,沈阳农业大学试验地为T2处理效果最好,辽中试验地为T3处理的效果最显著;钾素的增施对花生总根长、平均根系直径、总根表面积和总根体积有不同程度的促进作用,辽中试验地的钾素促进效果更好。2.少量增施钾素能促进花生根瘤数量和干重的增加,沈阳农业大学试验地T1处理效果最好,整个生育期内根瘤数量和干重的变化不大;辽中试验地T2处理效果最好,开花下针期和结荚期的根瘤数量和干重较苗期有大幅度增加。两地横向比较,辽中试验地的根瘤数和干重远高于沈阳农业大学试验地。观察各处理的根瘤超微结构可知,钾素的施入使花生结荚期的根瘤提前出现衰老现象,推测其原因可能是钾素的施入促进根瘤的形成和成熟,使其提前进入成熟状态,进而导致衰老的提前出现。3.在微观层面,钾素的增施提高了花生各时期叶片的叶绿素含量,有利于花生开花下针期和结荚期的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）的提高;在对花生的光响应曲线进行拟合后发现,钾素的施入提高了花生的光饱和点(I_sat)和最大净光合速率(P_max),降低了光补偿点(L_cp)和表观暗呼吸速率（R_d）;在宏观层面,钾素的增施提高了花生的群体光合势,延长了花生叶片的工作时间。因此,钾素的增施有利于花生叶片光合效率和光合时长的增加。4.钾素的增施,促进了花生植株干物质的积累,进而增加了植株氮、磷、钾的吸收积累,提高了最大积累速率和平均积累速率,延长了氮和钾的活跃积累期,增加了氮、磷、钾的最大积累量。三种营养元素积累动态模型的Logistic方程显示,氮、磷、钾素的最大积累速率均在T2处理的钾肥用量下取得最大值,氮素积累最大速率分别为31.56mg d^-1和25.87 mg d^-1,大约出现在出苗后60天和65天;钾素积累的最大速率分别为10.69 mg d^-1和8.10 mg d^-1,大约在出苗后57天和51天;磷素的最大积累速率分别为1.31 mg d^-1和0.88 mg d^-1,出现时间较氮、钾晚,大约为出苗后80天和78天。5.钾素在两地均表现出了对群体产量的促进作用,沈阳农业大学试验地为T2处理的产量最高,钾肥更多的T3处理对花生产量的促进作用减弱,辽中试验地的花生产量则是随着钾肥用量的增加而增加,T3处理产量最高且与CK处理间的差异达到显著;在花生个体上的表现,如单株饱果数、单株饱果重、百果重和百仁重等对钾素用量的响应与产量的规律基本一致。6.花生籽仁的蛋白质和脂肪含量在施钾后都有提高,辽中地区的蛋白质和脂肪增加量更为显著。油酸含量有下降的趋势,O/L比有下降的趋势,但无显著差异。除此之外,钾素的施入也引起了花生籽仁中含量较少的其他脂肪酸和氨基酸含量的波动,但规律尚不显著,还有待进一步研究证实。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study was conducted in Shenyang Agricultural University and Manduhu of Liaozhong in 2018 and 2019.The same level nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)were used in this study,explored the effects of the plant morphology,the root nodule characteristics,the photosynthetic characteristics,the accumulation of dry material,the accumulation and absorption of N,P,K(potassium),and the quality of the seeds,and the production of the peanut in diffirent level of K.And explored the optimal amount of K in the peanut,provided the theory of production of large fields for peanut.The main conclusions of this stduy are as follows:1.The main stem and the branch length of peanut were not sensitive to the amount of potassium in this study,and the amount of potassium was non-significant from that of the plant.The potassium advanced LAI of peanut in pegging stage significantly,T2 is the best treatment for the experimental ground of Shenyang Agricultural University,T3 is the best treatment for Liaozhong.The increase of potassium in the root length,the average root diameter,the total root area and the total root volume have different degrees of promotion,and the promotion is better of potassium in Liaozhong.2.Potassium advanced the amount of the peanut root nodules and the increase of its dry weight,the experimental ground T1 treatment of Shenyang Agricultural University was the best,and the number of root nodules in the whole period of growth and the change of the dry weight were not significant.The experimental ground T2 treatment was the best in Liaozhong,and the number of root nodules and the dry weight were greatly increased in pegging stage and pod-setting stage.The number and dry weight of root nodules of Liaozhong were far higher than the experimental ground of Shenyang Agricultural University.The observation of the microstructure of the root nodule is known that,and the growth of the root nodule in the pod-setting stage is ahead of schedule in the treatment of potassium.That is caused by the formation and maturity of the potassium in the development of the root nodules,makes it mature in advance,causes the aging to appear in advance.3.At the microcosmic level,the increase of potassium increased the content of chlorophyll in leaves of peanut,which was beneficial to the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr)of the pegging stage and the pod-setting stage.Potassium increased the maximum photosynthetic rate(Pmax),light saturation point(Isat),reduced the light compensation point(Lcp)and dark respiration rate(Rd)of the peanut;On the macroscopic level,the increase of potassium advanced the photosynthetic potential and extends the working time of the leaves of the peanut group.Therefore,the increase of potassium is beneficial to photosynthetic efficiency and lenth of time of the peanut leaves.4.Potassium advanced the accumulation of peanut plant dry matter,and increased the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in plant of peanut.The Logistic equation of the dynamic accumulation model of the three nutrients,showed that the maximum accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was increased,the average accumulation rate and the maximum accumulation rate was increased,the active accumulation period of nitrogen and potassium was extended.The maximum rates of nitrogen accumulation were 31.56 mg·d-1 and 25.87 mg·d-1,which appeared about 60 and 65 days after seedling emergence.The maximum rates of potassium accumulation were 10.69 mg·d-1 and 8.10 mg·d-1,about 57 and 51 days after seedling emergence.The maximum accumulation rates of phosphorus were 1.31 mg·d-1 and 0.88 mg·d-1,which appeared later than that of n and k,and were about 80 and 78 days after seedling emergence5.Potassium advanced the production of peanut,T2 has the hightest yield in Shenyang Agricultural University experimental ground,and the most potassium T3 processe of the peanut production was decreased.The production of peanut in Liaozhong was increased with the increase of potassium,the highest production is the T3 processe,and the difference between the processe of CK was significant.The performance of the peanut individual,such as the number of full fruit per plant,the weight of the fruit per plant and 100-pod weight,100-kernel weight,were basically the same as the law of yield.6.The protein and fat content of peanut kernel was increased after potassium,and the increase in protein and fat in the Liaozhong was even more pronounced.There was a decline in the trend of oleic acid content and O/L when potassium increased,but no significant difference.In addition,the increased of potassium also caused the fluctuation of other fatty acids and amino acids in peanut kernel,but the law was not significant,need further research to discover.更多还原