我国无人机执法中正当程序研究

【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 王奇才；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 法理学（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来行政机关使用无人机执法的事件增多,无人机在解决维护道路交通秩序、查处道路交通违法行为、缓解执法人员不足等社会治理问题领域内大放异彩,得到了执法部门的广泛青睐,尤其是关于交通警察使用无人机执法的事件频繁进入公众的关注视野。然而这种执法方式背后的问题与蕴含着与行政相对人主体的权利、正当程序的理念以及行政公开原则之间的矛盾。无人机执法可能侵犯相对人的权利主要涉及财产权、隐私权领域,具体侵权行为体现为私自闯入私人领域收集证据以及非基于相对人意愿将隐私性数据公之于众或未妥善管理导致数据泄露。文章针对上述可能的侵权行为现有的实体法层面私法性质的规制(财产权范式、隐私权范式)不足提出观点,进而引入了程序制权的方法。本文提出的对无人机执法的规制主要是通过公法性质的正当程序基本原则予以实现,正当程序既是行政法的基本原则也是宪法性法律原则,是一种程序法层面公法性质的规制。正当程序原则对无人机执法提出了既合乎比例又兼顾效率、既保障公民参与又提供法律救济的要求,力求在行政执法主体之间不偏不倚,实现执法中立地位。如何既能满足执法主体对智能化执法工具的需求,又能保障相对人合法权利不受侵害,文章提出的解决路径是回归执法行为应当符合正当程序原则的基本要求。执法的智能化不应以摈弃程序价值为代价,程序性规制既维护了时代变迁下法律的稳定性,又展示了法律对技术进步的包容性,不失为一条可行性路径。本文通过将无人机执法明确为行政搜查、行政调查等法律行为而非事实行为,将该问题明晰为正当程序领域问题,进而从行政程序裁量的角度去研究无人机执法的问题,脱离实体控权,回归至行政法基本原则,为无人机执法行为的规范化提供思考路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,the use of drones for law enforcement by administrative agencies has increased,and drones have shined in the field of social governance issues such as maintaining and maintaining road traffic order,investigating and punishing road traffic violations,and alleviating the shortage of law enforcement personnel.In particular,incidents involving the use of drones by traffic police for law enforcement frequently enter the public eye.However,the problems behind this method of law enforcement are contradicted with the rights of administrative counterparts,the idea of due process,and the principle of administrative openness.Drone law enforcement may infringe on the rights of counterparties mainly in the fields of property rights and privacy.The specific infringement behaviors are the private intrusion into the private domain to collect evidence and the disclosure of private data to the public or the improper management of non-based parties,resulting in data leakage.This article puts forward a point of view on the existing substantive law level of the nature of private law regulation(property right paradigm,privacy right paradigm)of the possible torts mentioned above,and then introduces public law restrictive measures.The regulation of drone law enforcement proposed in this article is mainly realized through the basic principles of due process of a public law nature.Due process is both a basic principle of administrative law and a constitutional legal principle,and is a kind of public law regulation at the procedural law level.The principle of due process puts forward requirements for both drone law enforcement that are proportionate and efficient,that protects citizen participation and provides legal relief,and strives to be impartial among administrative law enforcement subjects and achieve a neutral status in law enforcement.How to meet the needs of law enforcement subjects for intelligent law enforcement tools and protect the legitimate rights of counterparties? The solution path proposed in the article is that the return to law enforcement should meet the basic requirements of due process principles.The intellectualization of law enforcement should not be at the cost of abandoning procedural value.Procedural regulation not only maintains the stability of the law under the changing times,but also demonstrates the inclusiveness of the law for technological progress,which is a feasible path.In this article,the lawenforcement of drones is clearly defined as a legal act such as administrative search and administrative investigation,rather than a factual act.This issue is clarified as a problem in the field of due process.Control rights,return to the basic principles of administrative law,and provide a way of thinking for the standardization of drone law enforcement.更多还原