【作者】 张凯；

【导师】 韩志伟；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 市民社会概念是马克思理论发展中的重要线索,但在以往的研究中,人们往往对这一概念笼统地使用而较少作出区分,更缺乏对其历史内涵及其演变进行深入思考。本文将通过研究马克思市民社会概念的历史渊源、马克思与黑格尔对这一概念理解的异同、马克思市民社会概念为何是具体化的过程、以及这一概念内涵转变的历史原因等问题,以表明马克思哲学是立足于现实世界发展的历史内涵逻辑,而面向现实的批判性是其理论最深刻的品质。马克思市民社会概念在根本上是对黑格尔哲学的批判继承,渊源于以弗格森、斯密为代表的经济社会意义上的市民社会概念。这点和古代市民社会概念具有质的不同。古代市民社会是伦理实体占据主要地位、以政治生活为主导的共同体形态。而近代市民社会概念则可以分为两个谱系:前者是以霍布斯、洛克、康德等人为代表,强调市民社会的政治和道德属性的谱系;后者是以弗格森、斯密等人为代表,强调市民社会的经济属性的谱系。黑格尔综合德国观念论和英国古典政治经济学,明确指出市民社会和国家的分裂,并提出以国家伦理精神解决市民社会的矛盾。这些为马克思市民社会概念提供了基础。马克思市民社会概念是以现实历史为基础的具体化过程。马克思肯定黑格尔正确地指出了国家与市民社会的矛盾,但其解决方式是肤浅的形式主义,他立足于费尔巴哈主谓颠倒原则进行批判。随着批判深入,马克思指出政治解放的限度进而提出人类解放的必要性,并强调市民社会的非市民社会阶级即无产阶级的革命性。在分析英国古典经济学之后,马克思察觉到由工场手工业到机器大工业的历史转变,深入市民社会结构内部,从生产、分工、交换等要素界定市民社会概念,指出了市民社会概念从简单商品交换关系到资本和剥削关系占主导形态的转变。在此基础上,由于现实批判的需要,马克思自觉地将市民社会概念更精确地表征为资本主义社会概念,揭露资本主义社会内部结构,将黑格尔哲学对抽象理性的批判转变为对抽象存在的批判,从物与物的关系中揭示其掩盖的人与人的关系,从而指明了将资本的独立性和个性转变为人的独立性和个性的人类解放的现实道路。这种从伦理道德批判到客观历史批判的发展表明了马克思市民社会概念是从抽象到具体的充实过程。因此,马克思市民社会概念是批判性的逻辑进程。历史的起点构成马克思理论思维的起点,立足于现实历史的批判性则成为马克思理论发展的自觉品质。这使得马克思把黑格尔对抽象理性的批判转变为对抽象存在的批判、从思想否定转变为现实否定,从而真正实现对一切现存事物的否定的和批判的理解。这种立足于现实的批判逻辑和致力于人类解放的理论旨趣使他能够超越同时代的其他人。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of civil society is a vital clue to the development of Marx’s theory.However,the indiscriminate uses of this concept in previous studies ignored the historical changes in its meaning.This thesis will indicate that Marx’s philosophy is in accordance with the historical connotation and logic of the development of the real world by studying the historical origin of the concept of Marx’s civil society,the similarities and differences between Marx and Hegel’s comprehension of this concept,why the concept of Marx’s civil society is a concrete process,and the historical reasons for the transformation of the connotation of this concept.What’s more,reality-oriented criticism is the most profound quality of Marx’s theory.Marx’s concept of civil society is essentially a critical inheritance of Hegel’s philosophy,and stems from the concept of civil society in the economic and social sense represented by Ferguson and Smith.This is qualitatively different from ancient concept of civil society.The ancient civil society is a community form dominated by ethical entities and controlled by political life.The modern concept of civil society is composed of two genealogies: one is the pedigree with Hobbes,Locke,Kant and others as representatives to emphasize the political and moral attributes of civil society;the other is the pedigree with Ferguson,Smith and others as representatives to lay stress on the economic attributes of civil society.Hegel’s Comprehensive German Idealism and Classical Political Economy in England clearly points out the disjunction between the civil society and the state,and puts forward the way to solve the contradictions of civil society with the spirit of national ethics.All these provide the basis for the concept of Marx’s civil society.The concept of Marx’s civil society is a concrete process in the light of realistic history.Marx affirmed that Hegel indicated the contradiction between the state and civil society in the right way,but his solution was superficial formalism.Therefore,in accordance with Feuerbach’s principle of subject-predicate reversal,Marx criticized it.In pace with the deepening of criticism,Marx pointed out the limits of politicalemancipation,then proposed the necessity of human emancipation,and paid attention to the revolutionary nature of the non-civil society class of civil society,that is,the proletariat.After analyzing Classical Political Economy in England,Marx realized that the historical transformation from workshop handicraft industry to mechanical industry went deep into the internal structure of civil society,so he defined the concept of civil society from production,division of labor,exchange and other factors,and marked that the concept of civil society has changed from the exchange of simple goods to the dominant relationship between capital and exploitation.On this basis,with an eye to realistic criticism,Marx consciously represented the concept of civil society more precisely as the concept of capitalist society,which revealed the internal structure of capitalist society.In addition,Marx also transformed the criticism of abstract reason in Hegel’s philosophy into the criticism of abstract existence,and revealed the hidden relationship between people from the relationship between things,thus pointing out the realistic way to transform the independence and personality of capital into the human emancipation of human independence and personality.This development from ethical and moral criticism to objective historical criticism indicates that the concept of Marx’s civil society is from abstract to concrete enrichment process.Therefore,the concept of Marx’s civil society is a critical and logical process.The starting point of history makes up the starting point of Marx’s theoretical thinking,and the criticism based on realistic history has become the conscious quality of the development of Marx’s theory.This makes Marx transform Hegel’s criticism of abstract ration into criticism of abstract existence,from ideological negation to realistic negation,thus truly realizing the positive comprehension of all existing things and comprising negative understanding at the same time,that is,the understanding of the inevitable demise of existing things.This critical logic in accordance with reality and theoretical interest dedicated to human emancipation enable Marx to surpass other contemporaries and become a great thinker.更多还原