【作者】 王玥；

【导师】 杨长江；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 特殊教育学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 自闭症群体的社会融入问题一直是社会关注的焦点,也是难点。当前,社会普通大众对自闭症群体存在偏见、歧视及污名,这成为自闭症群体融入社会的一大障碍。刻板印象被认为是偏见、歧视及污名形成的最初阶段。因此,研究自闭症群体的刻板印象,对于减少或者消除偏见、歧视或污名具有重要作用。当代大学生是社会新思想的前沿群体,如果他们对自闭症群体存在刻板印象并将之带入到日常生活或未来工作岗位中,就会使得自闭症群体融入社会更加困难。因此,本研究旨在了解大学生对自闭症群体所持刻板印象的现状,以便为如何帮助自闭症群体更好地融入社会提供参考。本研究共包括三个部分:一是采用自由联想法和语义差异量表法,编制《自闭症群体刻板印象语义差异量表》;二是采用自编的量表,分析自闭症群体外显刻板印象的存在性、特点、内容结构及影响因素;三是采用自编的内隐联想测验程序和量表,分析自闭症群体内隐刻板印象的存在性、特点、内容结构及影响因素,并采用内隐-外显一致性分析法探究外显和内隐刻板印象之间的关系。研究结果如下:（1）自编量表的内部一致性信度和折半信度在0.739⁰.851之间;总量表分别与两维度之间呈高度相关(r_总-温情=0.804,r_总-能力=0.869),两维度之间呈中等相关（r=0.406）,且模型拟合程度尚可接受。（2）在外显层面上,刻板印象总分均值显著低于中值(M_{总均-中值}=0.22,p=0.000),温情得分均值显著低于能力(M_{温情-能力}=-1.02,p=0.000)。（3）在内隐层面上,被试总体上完成不相容任务所需平均反应时显著高于相容任务(M_{不相容-相容}=-477.16,p=0.000),温情IAT效应值均值明显高于能力IAT(M_{温情-能力}=0.10,p=0.000)。（4）量表总分及下属维度得分分别与总IAT、温情IAT以及能力IAT效应值之间的相关系数均比较小且不显著（r:-0.025⁰.215,p>0.05）。（5）就读特教专业、家庭所在地为农村、经常接触或偶尔接触、有接触自闭症的同学或朋友、有患自闭症的家人或亲戚、工作中有患自闭症的同事或学生的大学生所持外显刻板印象总分均值明显低于非特教专业、家庭所在地为城镇、从未接触、无接触自闭症的同学或朋友、无患自闭症的家人或亲戚、工作中无患自闭症的同事或学生的大学生（p<0.05）。通过分析与讨论,可得出以下结论:（1）自编的《自闭症群体刻板印象语义差异量表》包括温情和能力两个维度,具有良好的信度和效度。（2）大学生对自闭症群体所持的刻板印象总体上是消极的,其中外显刻板印象的内容结构为“低温情,高能力”,内隐刻板印象的内容结构为“低温情、低能力”。（3）自闭症群体外显与内隐刻板印象之间无明显的结构关系。（4）是否就读特教专业、家庭所在地、接触频率、有无接触自闭症的同学或朋友、有无患自闭症的家人或亲戚以及工作中有无患自闭症同事或学生均显著影响自闭症群体的外显刻板印象,但外部因素均不影响自闭症群体的内隐刻板印象。更多还原

【Abstract】 The social integration of the autistic group has always been the focus and difficulty of society.At present,the general public has prejudice,discrimination and stigma against the autistic group,which has become a major obstacle for the group to integrate into the society.Stereotypes are considered to be the initial stages of prejudice,discrimination as well as stigma.Therefore,doing a research on the stereotypes of the autistic group plays an important role in reducing or eliminating prejudice,discrimination or stigma.Contemporary college students are the forefront of new social ideas.If they have a stereotype of the autistic group and bring it to daily life or future jobs,it will make it more difficult for the autistic group to integrate into society.This research was aimed to investigate the current situation of college students’stereotypes of the autistic group,so as to provide a reference for how to help the autistic group better integrate into the society.This study included three parts:The first part used the free association and the semantic difference scale methods to compile The Autistic Group Semantic Difference Scale.The second part used the above scale to analyze the existence,characteristics,content structure,as well as factors of explicit stereotypes of the autistic group.The third part used the self-made scale and implicit association test programs to analyze the current situation of implicit stereotypes,and explored the relationships between explicit and implicit stereotypes by the implicit-explicit correspondence analysis.The results were as follows:（1）The internal consistency reliability and half-reliability were between 0.739and 0.851.The total scale was highly correlated with subordinate dimensions respectively(r_T-W=0.804,r_T-C=0.869).The relationship between two dimensions was moderately correlated（r=0.406）.The model fits was within acceptable range.（2）At the explicit level,the mean score of total stereotypes was significantly lower than the median(M_T-M=0.22,p=0.000).The mean score of the warmth dimension was significantly lower than that of the competence dimension(M_W-C=-1.02,p=0.000).（3）At the implicit level,the average response time required to complete the incompatible tasks was significantly higher than that in compatible tasks(M_IC-C=-477.16,p=0.000).The mean effect value of the warmth IAT was significantly higher than that of the competence IAT(M_W-C=0.10,p=0.000).（4）The correlations between the score of total scale,subordinate dimensions and the value of total IAT,warmth IAT,as well as competence IAT were small and insignificant（r:-0.025⁰.215,p>0.05）.（5）The total scores of explicit stereotypes held by students whose homes were located in rural areas,who were exposed to autism frequently or occasionally and had a classmate or friend contacting autism,a family or relative with autism,as well as colleague or student with autism at work were significantly lower than those whose homes were located in urban areas,exposed to autism never,had no a classmate or friend contacting autism,family or relative with autism,as well as colleague or student with autism at work（p<0.05）.Through analysis and discussion,the following conclusions could be drawn:（1）The Autistic Group Semantic Difference Scale included two dimensions:warmth and competence.It had good reliability and validity.（2）College students’stereotypes of the autistic group were generally negative.The content structure of explicit stereotypes was"low warmth,high competence",and the content structure of implicit stereotypes was"low warmth,low competence".（3）There was no obvious structural relationship between explicit and implicit stereotypes.（4）Students whether majoring in special education,family location,contact frequency,whether having a classmate or friend contacting autism,a family or relative with autism,as well as a colleague or student with autism at work affected the explicit stereotypes of the autistic group.However,the above factors did not affect the implicit stereotypes of the autistic group.更多还原