境遇的人学阐释

【作者】 王静；

【导师】 袁祖社；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2019， 硕士

【副题名】基于人的公共性生存探寻困惑境遇的解决路径

【摘要】 境遇是一个真哲学问题,既是哲学的本体问题,构成人类生存的前提条件;同时它又是一个实践问题,人类在不断地依照自身所想面向未来创造新的境遇;它也是价值问题,因为他和人的生存命运相关,关乎人生存的终极意义;境遇更是人学问题,人在境遇中与世界遭遇,但不甘于做境遇的奴隶,而要做境遇的主人。境遇是人学研究中的永恒主题。要完整地解蔽人的过去、未来,仅仅在某一角度或侧面中去认识是远远不够的,必须将人放在自身所处的真实境遇中去探讨。本文以人的境遇问题为切入点,将哲学家对境遇的阐释反思作为理论前提,对中西马哲学史上的境遇之思进行梳理。同时,严密地从多个维度分析剖析境遇的本质特征与属性。在对这两方面背景的研究基础上,从中国特色社会主义当代现实存在出发,试图为解决当下我国人们在精神上的无思、信仰缺失境遇和经验世界中的冲突境遇寻找恰当路径。关注境遇、反思境遇是人学研究的关键,也是时代所需,人作研究的为历史主体,必须有觉于自身所陷入境遇的危机冲突,作理性独立的时代主人。结合时代特征进行“构境”思考,在理念与实践中引领人类境遇向着马克思所描绘的更美好的新世界、新境遇进发。为此,笔者将马克思的公共性理念引入其中,并作为解答当代困惑境遇的线索。系统来看,本文是以“识境”为客观前提、“逆境”为意识指导、在马克思的公共理念线索下开展的“构境”为目标、对人的境遇问题加以系统阐述的过程。分别从人的境遇的哲学史溯源、马克思主义哲学关于人的境遇问题的论述、当代中国现实困惑境遇的问题反思与解答路径几个方面为主要关切点,旨在为突破我国当下人所处的冲突境遇现实、为创建符合人的多方位需求的理想境遇提供理论思路。人的境遇厚重而全面,集主客观属性于一身,境遇中的人是被动的,也是主动的。境遇是客观的条件和历史,是前人的实践活动创造的客观前提,对于这些前件,人只能最为被动的承担者去顺应、接受。但是,人也具有能力扭转困惑境遇,即“逆境”的本性能动力量。在意识到经验世界之后,人就开始了以满足自身的需求欲望为目的的主动改造客观境遇的过程,一部人类史就是一部人类不断向前创造境遇的奋斗史,是摒弃奴役、压迫、不公,追求平等、自由的美好境遇的发展史,是“构境”的历史。人的境遇的本质属性是它的公共性,人在聚集众人合力对抗自然之时才成为真正的人,开启了人类境遇演变的过程,马克思主义的最终目标就在于追求全人类的最大公有未来现实。正是在逆境意识指导下,本文从现实境遇出发,试图为改变这样的境遇提出可能的解决方案。本文以作为进入到新时代的特色社会主义国家的我国为现实依据,认为我国在社会主义现代化进程中出现的人在精神和实践中的无思和冲突境遇,最终都将归结到个人私有意识的崛起和公共理性丧失这一原因上去。构造美好幸福的理想境遇,就要以人的公共性现实境遇为线索去寻找路径。境遇是特殊的、不可复制的,每一个人的现实遭遇会因身份、环境等因素的影响而不同,境遇各异;然而境遇更是公共性的,马克思在他的著作中不止一次地提到“公共”,并以公共性信念和理想社会的建构为自己思想的最终落脚点。同一历史背景下的人面对相通的时代困惑与喜悦,当今的环境、人口、暴力问题就是抛却身份、地位、种族限制的全人类共同面对的难题。人类史的演变是通过无数个体联合共同推动的,个体的力量微不足道。因此,社会建设的中心其实就是公共性建设。结合时代特征进行“构境”思考,在理念与实践中引领人类境遇向着马克思所描绘的更美好的新世界、新境遇进发。更多还原

【Abstract】 Circumstance is a real philosophical problem,which is not only the ontological problem of philosophy,but also the precondition of human existence.At the same time,it is a practical problem.Human beings are constantly creating new situations according to their own wishes for the future.It is also a question of value,because it is related to human’s survival destiny and ultimate significance of human existence.Circumstance is also a problem of human studies.The boundary encounters,but is unwilling to be the slave of the situation,but to be the master of the situation.Circumstances are the eternal theme in human studies.In order to completely decode the past and future of human beings,it is not enough to understand them only from a certain angle or side.We must put people in their own real situation to explore.This article takes the human situation as the breakthrough point,takes the philosopher’s explanation and Reflection on the situation as the theoretical premise,and combs the thinking of the situation in the history of Sino-Western Malaysian philosophy.At the same time,the essential characteristics and attributes of the situation are closely analyzed from multiple dimensions.Based on the study of these two backgrounds,starting from the contemporary reality of socialism with Chinese characteristics,this paper tries to find an appropriate way to solve the current situation of people’s spiritual thoughtlessness,lack of belief and conflict in the experience world.Paying attention to and reflecting on the situation is the key to the study of human science and the need of the times.As the historical subject of human research,we must be aware of the crisis and conflict of our own situation and be the master of the times with rational independence.Combining with the characteristics of the times,we should think about the construction of the situation,and lead the human situation to a better new world and new situation described by Marx in the concept and practice.For this reason,the author introduces Marx’s concept of publicity into it and serves as a clue to solve the puzzling situation of the contemporary era.Systematically speaking,this paper is a process of systematically explaining the situation of human beings with the objective premise of"knowledge of the situation","adversity" as the guidance of consciousness,and"construction of the situation" under the clue of Marx’s public idea.The main concerns are tracing back to the philosophical history of human’s situation,Marxist philosophy’s exposition of human’s situation,and the reflection and solution of the puzzled situation of contemporary Chinese reality.The purpose is to provide theoretical ideas for breaking through the reality of the current conflict situation of our people and creating an ideal situation that meets the multi-dimensional needs of people.Man’s situation is thick and comprehensive,which integrates subjective and objective attributes.Man in the situation is passive and active.Circumstances are objective conditions and history,as well as the objective premise created by the practice of predecessors.For these preconditions,people can only be the most passive undertakers to adapt to and accept.However,people also have the ability to reverse confusion,that is,"adversity" of the intrinsic power.After being aware of the experience world,people begin to actively transform the objective situation in order to satisfy their own needs and desires.A human history is a history of human struggle to create the situation forward,a history of development that abandons slavery,oppression,injustice,pursues equality and freedom,and a history of "setting up the situation".The essential attribute of human condition is its publicity.When people gather together to fight against nature,they become real human beings,which opens the process of evolution of human situation.The ultimate goal of Marxism is to pursue the greatest public future reality of all mankind.It is under the guidance of adversity consciousness that this paper tries to put forward possible solutions to change this situation from the realistic situation.As a socialist country with Chinese characteristics entering a new era,the uninteresting and conflicting situation of people in spirit and practice in the process of socialist modernization in China will ultimately be attributed to the rise of individual private consciousness and the loss of public rationality.In order to construct the ideal situation of happiness,we should look for the path by taking the realistic situation of human’s public nature as the clue.Circumstances are special and non-reproducible.Everyone’s actual experience will be different because of the influence of identity,environment and other factors.However,circumstances are more public.Marx mentioned "public" more than once in his works,and took the construction of public beliefs and ideal society as the ultimate foothold of his thoughts.Under the same historical background,when people are confronted with the confusion and joy of the same era,the problems of environment,population and violence today are the common problems faced by all mankind,who have abandoned the restrictions of identity,status and race.The evolution of human history is driven by the joint efforts of countless individuals,whose power is negligible.Therefore,the center of social construction is actually public construction.Combining with the characteristics of the times,we should think about the construction of the situation,and lead the human situation to a better new world and new situation described by Marx in the concept and practice.更多还原