【作者】 刘媛媛；

【导师】 姜兆萍；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 应用心理学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 在网络中,我们经常可以看到“颜值即正义”、“长得好看就可以被原谅”这些话。可以看到“颜值”,即面孔吸引力的重要影响。“美即是好”是一种刻板印象,人们更倾向于把好的特质赋予吸引力更高的人,在本文中关注的是信任这一特质,并以可信赖性作为信任的判断指标。本文借用内隐刻板印象测量方法,通过三个研究验证“美即是好”刻板印象的存在以及影响因素。研究一证明了在中国大学生群体中存在“美即是好”的刻板印象,研究二和研究三探究了行为描述和认知负荷对这种刻板印象的影响。在研究一中,使用刻板印象错误知觉任务,探究该任务在中国被试中以及“美即是好”刻板印象领域中的有效性。利用吸引力不同的面孔启动被试“美即是好”的刻板印象,然后快速呈现目标面孔,让被试对目标面孔做出判断。但是在可利用的信息有限的情况下,被试会利用激活的刻板印象做出判断。研究一的结果表明,当启动面孔的吸引力高时,被试更倾向于判断目标面孔的可信赖性高。证明了刻板印象错误知觉任务在中国被试以及“美即是好”刻板印象领域中的有效性。在研究二中,添加行为描述,探究相关行为对“美即是好”刻板印象的影响,并且验证刻板印象错误知觉任务模型的有效性。该模型是一种多项式加工树模型,它假设在刻板印象错误知觉任务中存在四种认知过程:刻板印象激活、刻板印象应用、正确探测和猜测倾向,可利用被试的数据进行拟合优度检验及参数估计,对这些认知过程贡献率进行分离。在呈现启动面孔的同时呈现行为描述,然后与研究一一样,让被试判断目标面孔的可信赖性。结果表明,数据与模型拟合良好,刻板印象错误知觉任务模型能有效分离刻板印象激活、刻板印象应用、正确探测和猜测这四个认知过程对被试反应的贡献率。方差分析和多项式加工树模型的结果都表明,当启动面孔的吸引力高时,被试依然更倾向于判断目标面孔的可信赖性高;当面孔吸引力一样,行为描述是可信赖的/好的时,被试更倾向于判断目标面孔的可信赖性高,刻板印象激活参数更高。而且,当目标面孔和行为描述一致时,高吸引力启动面孔后呈现的目标面孔被判断为可信赖性更高。在研究三中,通过记忆数字来操纵被试的认知负荷,探究认知负荷对“美即是好”刻板印象的影响。在正式实验开始前让被试在做任务的过程中记忆一串包含13个数字的数字串,其他材料和过程与研究二一致。结果发现,数据与模型拟合良好,方差分析和多项式加工树模型的结果都表明,当启动面孔的吸引力高、行为描述是可信赖的/好的时,被试依然更倾向于判断目标面孔的可信赖性高。在高认知负荷情况下,当行为描述是可信赖的/好的时,刻板印象应用参数更高。由以上三个研究可以得出以下结论:(1)“美即是好”刻板印象的确存在,刻板印象错误知觉任务在“美即是好”刻板印象中是有效的;(2)行为信息会对“美即是好”刻板印象产生影响,当吸引力相同时,与可信赖/好的行为相联系的面孔更容易被信任,刻板印象激活参数更高;(3)行为描述一致时,与低吸引力面孔相比,人们都更倾向于认为高吸引力的面孔更可信赖;(4)当认知负荷高时,伴随着可信赖/好的行为描述,被试更容易应用“美即是好”的刻板印象;(5)在看到高吸引力的女性面孔时,男性比女性更容易激活“美即是好”刻板印象。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays,we see many words like “face value is justice” and “you can be forgotten if you look good ” frequently.As we can see,facial attractiveness is of great importance.“Beautiful is good” is a kind of stereotype,people trend to associate good qualities to more attractive people.In this article,we focus on trust.We use a relatively implicit method to verify the existence and influencing factors of the "beautiful is good" stereotype through three studies.Study1 proves that there is a stereotype of “beautiful is good” among Chinese college students.Study 2 and Study 3 explore the influence of behavioral description and cognitive load on this stereotype.In Study 1,the stereotype misperception task was used to explore the effectiveness of the task in Chinese subjects and in the field of “beautiful is good” stereotype.Using the faces with different attractiveness to prime the “beautiful is good” stereotype,then present the target face quickly,finally participants were asked to make judgments on the target face.However,in the case where the available information was limited,the subject would make a judgment using the activated stereotype.The results of Study 1 showed that when the attractiveness of the prime face was high,the subject was more inclined to judge the reliability of the target face as high trustworthy.It proves the validity of the stereotyped misperception task in the Chinese subjects and the “beautiful is good” stereotype.In Study 2,we added behavior description to faces,explored the impact of relevant behavior on the “beautiful is good” stereotype,and verified the validity of the stereotype misperception task model.The model is a multinomial processing tree model,which assumes that there are four cognitive processes underline the stereotype misperception task: stereotype activation,stereotype application,detection and guessing tendency,and the data of the subjects can be used for fitting the model and parameter estimation,and separate the contribution rate of these cognitive processes.Presented the behavior description with prime faces,and then,as in Study 1,asked subjects to judge the trustworthiness of the target faces.The results showed that the data fitted well with the model,and the stereotype misperception task model can effectively separate the contribution rates of the four cognitive processes to the consequence,including stereotype activation,stereotype application,and correct detection and guessing.The results of analysis of repeated ANOVA and multinomial processing tree model showed that when the attractiveness of the prime face is high,the subjects were still more inclined to judge the trustworthy of the target face as high.When the attractiveness of faces were same,and behavior description was trustworthy/good,the participants were more inclined to judge the trustworthiness of the target face was higher,and the stereotype activation parameter was higher as well.Moreover,when target faces and behavior description were consistent,the target face presented after the high attractive prime face was judged to be more trustworthy.In Study 3,the cognitive load of the subjects was manipulated by memorizing the numbers,and the influence of cognitive load on “beautiful is good” stereotype was explored.Before the formal experiment,the subjects were asked to remember a serie of 13 numbers during the task.The other materials were consistent with study2.It was found that data fitted well with the model,and the results of the analysis of repeated ANOVA and multinomial processing tree model all showed that when the attractiveness of prime face was high and the behavior description was trustworthy/good,the subjects were still more inclined to judge the target face as trustworthy.In high cognitive load situation,along with trustworthy/good behavior description,the stereotype application parameter was higher.According to the three studies above,the following conclusion can be drawn:(1)The "beautiful is good" stereotype does exist,and the stereotype misperception task is effective in the "beautiful is good" stereotype;(2)Behavioral information has an impact on “beautiful is good” stereotype.When facial attraction is the same,faces associated with trustworthy/good behavior are more likely to be trusted,and the stereotype activation parameters are higher;(3)When behavior descriptions are consistent,people are more inclined to think that highly attractive faces are more trustworthy than low-attractive faces;(4)When the cognitive load is high,with the trustworthy/good behavior description,participants are more likely to apply “beautiful is good” stereotype;(5)Men are more likely than women to activate the “beautiful is good” stereotype when it comes to seeing highly attractive female faces.更多还原