【作者】 洪光；

【导师】 黄小萧；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 材料工程（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 超级电容器是一种新型储能器件,具有很高的功率密度,等效串联内阻极低,充放电循环过程中效率高、低维护需求及环境友好等优势,在大功率储能系统中,超级电容作为储能元件受到的越来越多的应用领域的重视。其快速的功率吸收与释放能力使其较比各类电池组成的储能系统,在需要快速功率变化的领域更为适合。但是长期以来,对于超级电容器的模型的分析一直停留于理论层面,缺乏一个通过简单测量电容器端口电压电流的就可以对超级电容器电气性能良好阐述的等效模型。通过简单模型合理的解释超级电容器在大功率循环过程中的再分布现象,能让工程技术人员优化工程设计,简化控制算法,降低工程运用中上下位机的运算量。本文对超级电容器电极碳材料的种类及颗粒大小的研究发现,10μm的椰壳碳具有最优的电容器容量衰减率和内阻增长率;隔膜厚度对电容器的影响较大,厚度20μm的隔膜制备的电容器在老化终止期能将内阻增长率控制在60%;通过对ET₄NBF₄及SBP-BF₄两种电解质以1mol/L的浓度溶解在AN电解液的分析,得出了SBP-BF₄为溶质的电解液能,使得寿命末期容量衰减控制在21.52%,内阻增长率控制在36%,有利于产品的一致性提升。工作电压是造成电容器衰减的致命因素,老化1344小时后,工作电压2.8V的容量衰减率为-25.8%,内阻增长率为72.6%,而电压到达3V时,容量减率为-50.31%,内阻增长率为645.33%。优化材料及介质制备的超级电容器单体的老化性能测试表明,优化后的单体在寿命终止期电容衰减率为-15.71%,内阻增长率为43.83%,产品一致性良好,性能稳定。在典型的三RC支路的超级电容器等效模型的基础上,依据目前的应用环境简化为两RC支路模型,使用Simulink集成的离线参数识别功能来对两RC支路模型进行仿真。并将该模型运用在新制造的改进优化的超级电容器单体的分析计算中,并验证该模型对超级电容器的容量与等效串联电阻的计算是否符合实际上的测量结果,并对测量结果进行分析,确定模型的可信程度。本文提出使用线性最小二乘与EKF算法来识别其非线性容值,并提出使用EKF来同时估计二支路模型的SOC并识别参数,同时依据超级电容等效串联内阻或容值计算出SOH。更多还原

【Abstract】 Supercapacitor is a new electronic device.It has high power density and low Equivalent Series Resistance,high charging and discharging efficiency,low maintenance requirements,environmental friendliness and so on.In high-power energy storage systems,supercapacitor as an energy storage element has received more and more attention in application fields.Its rapid power absorption and release capability makes it more suitable than energy storage systems composed of various batteries in areas requiring rapid power change.However,for a long time,the analysis of the model of supercapacitors has been on the theoretical level,and the equivalent model of the electrical performance of supercapacitors can be described without a simple measurement of the voltage and current of the capacitor port.A simple model is used to explain the redistribution of super capacitor in high-power cycle,which can optimize engineering design,simplify control algorithm and reduce the computation amount of upper and lower machine in engineering application.The types and particle sizes of electrode carbon materials for supercapacitors have been studied in the article.It is found that coconut shell carbon with 10μm has the best capacitor capacity decay rate and internal resistance growth rate.The thickness of the diaphragm has a great influence on the capacitor.The capacitor made of the diaphragm with a thickness of 20μm can control the Equivalent Series Resistance growth rate to60%during the aging termination period.Through the analysis of ET₄NBF₄ and SBP-BF₄ electrolyte dissolved in AN electrolyte at the concentration of 1 mol/L,the electrolyte energy with SBP-BF₄ as solute is obtained,so that the capacity attenuation at the end of life is controlled at 21.52%and the Equivalent Series Resistance growth rate is controlled at 36%,which is beneficial to the improvement of product consistency.Working voltage is a fatal factor causing capacitor attenuation.After 1344 hours of aging,the capacitance decay rate of working voltage 2.8V is-25.8%,and the Equivalent Series Resistance growth rate is 72.6%,while when the voltage reaches 3V,capacitance decay rate is-50.31%,and the Equivalent Series Resistance growth rate is645.33%.The aging test of supercapacitor monomer prepared from optimized materials and media shows that the optimized monomer has a capacitance decay rate of-15.71%and the Equivalent Series Resistance growth rate 43.83%at the end of its life,with good product consistency and stable performance..Based on the typical equivalent model of supercapacitor with three RC branches,the model is simplified to a two RC branch model according to the current application environment,and the two RC branch models are simulated using the off-line parameter identification function integrated by Simulink.The model is applied to the analysis and calculation of the newly manufactured improved and optimized supercapacitor monomer,and whether the calculation of the capacity and equivalent series resistance of the supercapacitor by the model is in line with the actual measurement results is verified,and the measurement results are analyzed to determine the reliability of the model.In the application process,it is necessary to identify the charge state（SOC）of the supercapacitor and the health of the Supercapacitor（SOH）.The SOC helps the user to monitor the amount of charge stored in the supercapacitor in real time,the SOH can help to monitor the health of supercapacitors,the linear least squares and EKF algorithm is used to identify the nonlinear capacitance,and the EKF is proposed to estimate the SOC of the two-branch model and identify the parameters simultaneously.At the same time,the SOH is calculated based on the equivalent series internal resistance or capacitance of supercapacitors.更多还原