【作者】 刘伟；

【导师】 李汝成；

【作者基本信息】 青岛大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 威廉·莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家和诗人。其戏剧创作取材广泛,包括中世纪神话传说、苏格兰编年史和苏格兰民间传说。在莎士比亚的剧作中,不乏具有超自然力量的精灵鬼怪等人物形象。《麦克白》是莎士比亚剧作中最具代表性的作品之一,而三个女巫是莎士比亚在《麦克白》中创造的代表性人物形象。她们扮演着传说中赫卡特女神的仆人的角色,在《麦克白》中是贯穿整剧的线索,驱动情节的发展。三个女巫以预言的方式激发了麦克白内心深处的欲望,并一步步地引导麦克白走向毁灭的深渊。在对三个女巫形象的刻画中,莎士比亚广泛使用了各种来源的素材,并且汲取了各种素材中的原型人物特征以及詹姆斯一世时期的一些奇闻异事。为了迎合当时的政治氛围,莎士比亚巧妙地创造了三个女巫的“恶”形象。本文通过对三个女巫形象的原型探究、功能分析以及人物关系的梳理,试图从超自然力的最终被妖魔化、人性中的恶被物化和罪恶欲望的内化三个层面,对《麦克白》中的三个女巫进行深度探究。论文由引言、正文四章及结论三个部分组成。引言部分就国内外学者对《麦克白》中三女巫所做的研究进行了梳理,明确了三女巫研究的重要性和必要性。第一章主要梳理女巫的神话原型来源和演绎形成,探讨女巫形象所附着的时代特征和功能,以及莎士比亚在《麦克白》及其剧作中的超自然因素的运用。第二章着重探讨莎士比亚在政治和宗教立场上迎合了詹姆斯一世时代的统治需要,选择将女性形象赋予女巫的人物塑造中;其次,从数字“三”的宗教意味入手,探讨三个女巫与古希腊罗马神话中三位一体的关系,并结合文本揭示三个女巫如何在政治宗教等因素下被妖魔化的过程。第三章通过分析文本中三个女巫之间对话以及她们与麦克白和班柯的对话,展示其人心物化的证据与塑形过程。第四章结合麦克白和麦克白夫人的内心冲突与恐惧,探究女巫的“恶”在剧中主要人物内心欲望下的内化之路。结论得出,《麦克白》中三个女巫是在政治宗教历史发展中最终被妖魔化的,而人性的罪恶在女巫预言中物化为具体的情节和事实,并以人物内心矛盾、冲突和恐惧的形式在剧中完成内化。通过《麦克白》中的三个女巫形象,莎士比亚巧妙地运用超自然力的方式演绎了历史,并投射现实社会中的人性和欲望,充分展现莎士比亚戏剧的伟大人文关怀和永恒魅力。更多还原

【Abstract】 William Shakespeare is a great playwright and poet in the period of English Renaissance.He widely uses various materials in his play creation,including medieval myths and legends,Scottish folklore and chronicles,as well as some odd folk stories in the period of James I,and embeds his ingenious ideas into creation,thus creates plays to satisfy the needs of the times,leaving rich historical content and profound effect in his plays.Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s representative plays.The three witches are the representative supernatural figures elaborately created by Shakespeare in Macbeth.They act as the important motive of the plot lines in Macbeth to guide the plot development in the form of prophecies.They serve as servants for Hecate,who is taken as goddess traditionally.The three witches inspire Macbeth’s deep desire in the way of prophecies so that he believes that he will be the king.Macbeth is induced to murder King Duncan,and then to kill Banquo by three killers,falling to the abyss of his own ruin.In creating the three witches,Shakespeare widely used materials including goddesses,sprites,and ghosts in the medieval mythology and some strange events in the period of James I.In order to cater to the political atmosphere of the time,Shakespeare skillfully created the "evil" image of the three witches.Through the exploration of the prototype and the function analysis on the relationship between the characters and the three witches,this thesis attempts to analyze and decode the three witches from three aspects: the demonization of the supernatural elements,the materialization of the complex human nature and the internalization of the evil desire in main characters of Macbeth.The thesis consists of the Introduction,the body of four chapters and the conclusion.In the part of Introduction,some domestic and foreign studies on the three witches are sorted out which justifies the necessity and importance to study the three witches as well as Macbeth.The first chapter is the archetypal exploration of the three witches.In this chapter,the source and interpretation of the archetypes of the witches are analyzed,and the historical features and functions attached to witches’ images areexplored,and the application of supernatural factors in Shakespeare’s other plays is also discussed in order to provide a theoretical frame of the analysis of the three witches in the thesis.The second chapter focuses on Shakespeare’s political and religious positions to cater to the ruling needs of the James era,the way the witches are given the image of women and the relationship between the three witches and the trinity of ancient Greek and Roman mythology.Therefore,the demonization of three witches is revealed to indicate Shakespeare’s portrait of characters in the context of his era.The third chapter demonstrates and discovers the evidence and process of human materialization by the means of the dialogues among the three witches and their dialogues with Macbeth and Banquo.The fourth chapter explores how the witches’ evil embodies in the play,and how the evil desire of human beings is internalized based on the discussion of the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.The conclusion summarizes the previous discussions and points out that the three witches in Macbeth are completely demonized,and that the evil of human nature is materialized into specific plots and facts in the witches’ prophecy,and internalized into dramatic dialogues in the form of characters’ inner conflicts.Through the images of three witches in Macbeth,Shakespeare skillfully uses supernatural power to interpret history,truly reflects human nature and desire in real life,and fully demonstrates his humanistic care.更多还原