【作者】 雷鸣；

【导师】 朱梅；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究围绕浅层地下水埋深对作物水分利用的影响,以淮北平原典型旱作物冬小麦、夏大豆为研究对象,依据五道沟水文实验站地中蒸渗仪群1986-2012年长序列潜水蒸发观测资料,基于砂姜黑土和黄潮土两种典型土壤,在0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5m六个地下水位控制埋深下,分析冬小麦、夏大豆生长特征值及产量与不同地下水埋深之间的关系;运用Blank模型计算作物水分敏感系数,运用Jensen模型计算作物水分敏感指数,模拟冬小麦产量,对比实际产量以优选适合淮北平原的水分生产函数;分析了冬小麦、夏大豆不同生育期和不同地下水埋深的水分敏感指数变化趋势,确定了冬小麦和夏大豆适宜的地下水埋深阂值区间,厘清了作物水分敏感指数与地下水埋深之间的关系。(1)地下水埋深与作物特征值及产量的关系。以淮北平原典型旱作物冬小麦、夏大豆为研究对象,对五道沟水文实验站2008-2012年冬小麦和2006-2009年夏大豆在不同地下水埋深下平均株高、穗长、单穗粒数、千粒重、饱角、瘪角、单株粒重和产量数据进行分析,发现在地下水埋深为1.0m时,冬小麦的平均株高、干粒重和产量达到最大值,随着地下水埋深的继续增加,所有特征值都不同程度地下降,降幅在1.6%-16.1%之间。而夏大豆在地下水埋深为0.8m时,仅大豆的饱角和产量达到最大值,随着地下水埋深的继续增加,饱角和产量都不同程度地下降,降幅在29.8%-30.7%之间。(2)基于产量模拟的水分生产函数适应性研究。基于五道沟水文实验站2008-2012年冬小麦潜水蒸发试验数据,运用Blank模型计算作物水分敏感系数,运用Jensen模型计算作物水分敏感指数,模拟2004-2008年的冬小麦产量。结果表明:Blank模型模拟的产量基本上都大于实际产量,增加幅度在5%-20%之间;而Jensen模型的模拟产量和实际产量没有明显的偏向趋势,变幅在1%-9%之间。比较而言Jensen模型的模拟效果要优于Blank模型。因此,Jensen模型更适合应用于淮北平原作物。(3)地下水埋深与水分敏感指数关系研究。根据五道沟水文实验站2008-2012年冬小麦和2006-2009年夏大豆产量和潜水蒸发数据,运用Jensen模型计算冬小麦、夏大豆不同土壤、不同生育期、不同地下水埋深的水分敏感指数。结果表明:冬小麦水分敏感指数在生育期内呈现出先减小后增加的趋势,在抽穗-成熟期时水分敏感指数最大,是返青-拔节期的1.85倍;而夏大豆在生育期内呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在花荚-鼓粒期时水分敏感指数最大,其他生育期仅为花荚-鼓粒期的48.6%-53.5%;冬小麦、夏大豆水分敏感指数在不同地下水埋深都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,冬小麦在1.0m地下水埋深下水分敏感指数最大,是同一生育期最小值的1.16-2.45倍。而夏大豆在0.8-1.0m埋深时水分敏感指数最大,相比最小值增加了 1 5%-17.5%。通过不同埋深下水分敏感指数回归曲线,发现砂姜黑土和黄潮土冬小麦生长适宜地下水埋深区间为0.8-1.2m;夏大豆适宜地下水埋深区间在砂姜黑土中控制在0.8-1.0m之间,黄潮土中控制在1.0m以深。在此埋深下冬小麦和夏大豆相比其它埋深的作物可减少人工灌溉、除涝排水的次数,增加作物产量。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study is around the shallow groundwater depth influence on crop water utilization in Huaibei plain.Main research object are two typical dry crops,winter wheat and summer soybean,in Huaibei plain.Long sequence continuous experimental data(1986-2012)of the lysimeter in Wudaogou Hydrology and Water Resources Experimental Station and two kinds soil Shajiang black soil and Yellow fluvo-acquatic soil were taken in this research under 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5m six control depths,the differences in winter wheat and summer soybean growth characteristics under different buried depths were analyzed.Two kinds of water production function were used to calculate water sensitivity coefficient by Blank model and index by Jensen model under different groundwater depths.Winter wheat simulated yield was obtained through calculation and compared it with the actual yield,so as to optimize the better water production function model in Huaibei plain.The trend of water sensitivity index of winter wheat and summer soybean in different growth stages and different groundwater depths were analyzed.The suitable groundwater depth threshold interval of winter wheat and summer soybean was determined,and the relationship between crop water sensitivity indexes and groundwater depths was clarified.(1)The relationship between groundwater depth and crop characteristic value and yield.Winter wheat and summer soybean were selected as research objects.Based on the average plant height,ear length,grain number per ear,thousand kernel weight,full-pod number,wilting-pod numbers grain weight per plant and yield data under different groundwater depths of winter wheat from 2008 to 2012 and summer soybean from 2006 to 2009 in Wudaogou hydrological experimental station.It was found that when the groundwater depth was 1.0m,the average plant height,thousand kernel weight and yield of winter wheat reached the maximum value.As groundwater depth increase,all the characteristic values showed different decrease and the range is 1.6～16.1%.When groundwater depth was 0.8 m,only full-pod number and yield of summer soybean reached the maximum value.As the groundwater depth increase,only full-pod number and yield values showed different decrease and the range is 29.8～30.7%.(2)The relationship between crop yield and water production function.Based on the winter wheat submersible evaporation experiment in Wudaogou hydrological experimental station from 2008 to 2012,the water sensitivity coefficient and index of winter wheat were solved base on Blank model and Jensen model,and the winter wheat yield from 2004 to 2008 was simulated.The results showed that the yield simulated by the Blank model was basically bigger than the actual yield,with an increase range of 5%-20%.Jensen model’s simulated production and actual production showed no obvious deviation trend,and the variation range was between 1%and 9%.In comparison,Jensen model showed a better simulation effect than Blank model.Therefore,Jason model is the water production model which is more suitable to be used for crop in Huaibei plain.(3)Research of the relationship between crop water sensitivity index and groundwater depth.Based on the yield and phreatic water evaporation statistics of winter wheat(2008～2012)and summer soybean(2006～2009)from Wudaogou hydrological experimental station,Jensen model was used to calculate the water sensitivity index of winter wheat and summer soybean with different soil,different growth stages and different groundwater depth.The results showed that:the water sensitivity index of winter wheat showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing during the whole growing period.It reached the maximum in heading-maturation stage and it was 1.85 times higher compared to the turning green-jointing stage.Water sensitivity index of summer soybean showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing during the whole growing period and it reached the maximum in the flower and pod-bulging pod stage,and the other growth stages were only 48.6%to 53.5%of the flower and pod-bulging pod stage.The water sensitivity indexes of winter wheat and summer soybean increased first and then decreased under different groundwater depths.The water sensitivity index of winter wheat was the highest at 1.0m groundwater depth,which was 1.16-2.45 times of the minimum value in the same growth stage.The water sensitivity index of summer soybean was highest at 0.8-1.0m groundwater depth,which increased by 15%-17.5%compared with the minimum value.Through the regression curve of water sensitivity index under different groundwater depths,it was found that the suitable groundwater depth range of winter wheat in Shajiang black soil and Yellow fluvo-acquatic soil was 0.8-1.2m.The suitable groundwater depth range of summer soybean was 0.8-1.0m in Shajiang black soil and below 1.0m in Yellow fluvo-acquatic soil.Compared with other groundwater depths,winter wheat and summer soybean can reduce artificial irrigation,times of drainage and increase crop yield.更多还原