【作者】 张敏；

【导师】 魏文斌；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 考古学·考古学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 经实地调查,陕西地区共发现北朝佛教石窟和摩崖摩崖造像龛群57处,集中分布于陇右经陕北再向西北直达平城和经洛阳、长安通往陕北和甘肃的两条古道附近。本文采用考古类型学的方法,对陕西地区石窟寺进行分类排队,找出前后发展演变关系,进而对其进行分期和年代探讨。将其分为七个阶段,年代上包括北魏、西魏、北周至隋初。第一、二期开窟数量少、规模小、造像题材单一,洞窟形制、造像题材和风格等方面表现出云冈模式向此地的辐射扩张。同时保留了这一区域部族造像的传统,造像风格较为敦厚、矮壮。第三期延续早期造像题材,以摩崖大像和大型立佛龛为代表,数量较少,首次出现道教题材。造像风格在兼具云冈太和时期健壮风格的同时,部分造像已略显清秀、身躯修长,开启北魏晚期风貌。第四期和第五期是陕西北朝石窟的急剧变化期。石窟数量急剧增加,但其规模依然不大、且窟龛难分。洞窟形制和造像题材多样,大量新题材涌现。受云冈影响的因素减弱,以龙门为代表的河洛新风和以长安、耀县为中心的本地造像传统交融。造像一改前三期的部族健壮模式,转为秀骨清像、褒衣博带。但较宽的平行线纹作为服饰装饰依旧是本地部族造像的传统。第六期以摩崖龛像居多,造像特点则是面相方圆,肩宽体短、厚胸鼓腹。第七期因新经北周武帝的灭佛法难,洞窟和摩崖龛像数量急剧减少,逐步衰落。造像特点是宽肩厚臂,身躯修长、衣纹和下摆衣襞简疏,已初具隋初造像特色。同时,各期石窟造像题材与内容符合北魏境内大范围的总体佛教思想的国家统一性,深受北朝一代法华思想的影响。可以说,陕西地区北朝佛教石窟,虽然在大的特征上多受中心地区影响,但均显示出这一区域的明显地域性特征:佛道融合、胡汉交融、传统与民间技艺并存。虽多数石窟和摩崖龛像地处偏远山区,仍能反映出佛教信仰在北朝时期深入各边远乡村。居住在这里的少数部族与发达区域的人们一样对佛教投入热情,开凿龛像,表达愿望。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through the field investigation,the Northern Dynasty Buddhist grottoes and the cliff sculptures are found in 57 places in Shaanxi,which are concentrated in the vicinity of the two ancient roads in Northern Shaanxi and the northwestern straight to the northwest and through Luoyang and Changan to the north of Shaanxi and Gansu.In this paper,the method of archaeological typology is used to classify the Grottoes in Shaanxi,to find out the relationship between the development and evolution of the temple,and then to explore the staging and age of the grottoes.It is divided into seven stages,including the Northern Wei Dynasty,the Western Wei Dynasty,the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the early Sui Dynasty.The number of the first,second Grottoes is small,the scale is small,the theme of the statue is single,the shape of the grottoes,the theme and style of the statue show the radiation expansion of Yungang model to this place.At the same time,the tradition of tribal statues in this area is preserved,and the style of the statue is more honest and short.The third period is the continuation of the early statues,represented by the big cliff statue and the large Buddhist niche.In the period of Yungang Taihe’s vigorous style,the statues were slightly beautiful and slender,and opened the late Northern Wei Dynasty.The fourth and fifth periods are the dramatic changes of the Northern Dynasties’ Grottoes in Shaanxi.The number of grottoes has increased sharply,but its scale is still small,and its niche is hard to distinguish.The shapes and figures of the caves are diverse,and a large number of new themes emerge.Weakened by the influence of Yungang,Heluo Xinfeng represented by Longmen and the local statues of Changan and Yao county are blending.The statues changed the first three periods of the tribal strong mode,turned to show the bones of the Qing Dynasty,the ribbon.But wider parallel lines are still the tradition of local tribal statues.The sixth period is mostly cliff shaped shrines.The features of the statue are the square face,the broad shoulders,the short body,the thick chest and the belly.In the seventh period,the number of caves and cliff niches decreased sharply and declined gradually due to the destruction of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.The characteristics of the statue are wide shoulder and thick arms.The body is slender,the clothing patterns and the hem clothes are simple.At the same time,the themes and contents of the grottoes conformed to the national unity of the general Buddhist thought in the Northern Wei Dynasty,which was deeply influenced by the thought of the Northern Dynasty.It can be said that the Buddhist grottoes of the Northern Dynasties in the Shaanxi region,although influenced by the central region in large features,showed the obvious regional characteristics of the region:the fusion of Buddhism and Taoism,the blending of Hu and Han,the coexistence of traditional and folk art.Although most grottoes and cliff niches are located in remote mountainous areas,they can still reflect the belief of Buddhism in various remote villages in the Northern Dynasties.A small number of tribes living here(including the Han nationality),like the people in the developed areas,are enthusiastic about Buddhism and dig out niches to express their wishes.更多还原