【作者】 张丹丹；

【导师】 张贤明；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 政治学理论， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 农民自古就是占据社会人口大多数的群体,不过在漫长的学术史中,他们并非政治学家们讨论的关键群体。虽然也有一些政治学家关注到了农民群体,不过也只是从宏观的角度进行分析,他们认为底层群体眼光狭隘,缺乏明确的政治主张,并没有关注到底层群体的政治作用。詹姆斯·C·斯科特(James C.Scott)对以往有关农民地位以及农民抗争与革命的理论产生质疑,他认为农民并非像精英所想象的那般毫无政治影响力。他深入观察底层社会中的道义性经济、地方主义文化以及庇护主义的社会关系,提出道义小农学说,并阐释了两种非暴力形式的政治抗争,即日常形式抗争和逃避主义抗争,为以往的抗争理论提供了一种新的研究视角。本文试图从斯科特具有人类学叙事色彩的政治分析中梳理出一个较为清晰的框架,对斯科特的抗争思想进行全面系统的研究。本文的基本思路是:首先,从两方面较为全面地梳理本文相关的已有研究,一方面对抗争理论的发展脉络进行梳理,另一方面对国内外学者对于斯科特思想研究现状的梳理。其次,分别从抗争环境、抗争动因、抗争形式三个角度详细阐释斯科特的抗争思想,三部分内容分别对应回答三个问题,即斯科特所观察的政治抗争发生在什么样的背景环境中?斯科特观察的底层群体为什么会展开政治抗争?会怎样进行抗争?最后,基于以上全部研究,从贡献与局限两个方面对斯科特的抗争思想的研究内容及研究方法做出评价。斯科特所研究的底层社会环境具有道义性经济、地方性文化及庇护性社会关系的特点。就抗争原因而言,引发底层小农展开政治抗争的原因是多方面的:一是经济方面生产关系的改变使得贫富差距加大,导致农民最低限度的社会权利难以得到保障;原有的再分配机制也发生变化,面临生存危机的小农彻底陷入困境。二是互惠失衡为小农提供了政治抗争的道德基础。三是制度环境发生变化,国家进行的社会简单化项目打破了原有的封闭的农村政治环境,在某种程度上是对农村原有的非正式组织的挤压,农民对由此可能产生的监视、镇压以及资源汲取产生抗拒心理。四是农民有能力运用意识形态方面的资源进行抗争。总的来讲,前三点是农民抗争心理产生的诱因,最后一点是对农民抗争能力的阐释,诱因加能力最终促使农民展开抗争行为。就抗争形式而言,农民的政治抗争主要包括日常形式抵抗与逃避主义抗争两种形式。日常抗争是弱者通过意识层面上的较量来毁损拖延对方的利益,从而参照性的或者实质性的增加自己的收益,提高自己的现有政治体系当中的实际力量的做法,具体将通过伪装、重塑、亵渎三种抗争策略达成目标。逃避主义抗争是边缘农民为了逃避剥削、追求自由与平等而远离统治中心的做法,通过对谋生方式、社会结构、文化传承等方面的精心设计进行“自我野蛮化”,避免被纳入国家体制之内,也避免自身内部出现国家体制。斯科特抗争思想在研究内容上的贡献可以概括为“破”与“立”两个方面:“破”即是对原有抗争理论进行反思,指出了原有抗争理论研究中的不足,主要表现在:斯科特重新思考了“社会运动”,主张亚文化下的日常抵抗形式也能取得社会运动所希求的结果;他跳出了西方抗争理论的精英视角,驳斥了“底层无政治”的假设,提出农村的传统社会是革命的资产,农民是革命的幕后参与者;他重新反思农民革命中的社会动员,认为是农民动员了领导阶级,而非领导阶级动员了农民。“立”即是指斯科特提出了自己的底层政治研究框架,具体体现在:他从政治结果出发重新定义了农民在政治生活中的角色与地位;他重新思考了“意识形态霸权”;提出了国家规划社会简单化与清晰化的原则,对国家现代化建设进行思考,声明了底层政治生态对于国家现代化建设的重要性。从研究方法上看,斯科特运用纵向合作模型分析阶级关系问题,引入了人类学的研究方法和历史研究方法分析政治问题。当然,斯科特的研究也存在不足,人类学的研究方法虽加强了数据的可信度,但是也使他局限于西方中心主义的范式中,且由于人类学研究方法静态性的特点,使得他在探索历史范围内理论的发展态势上存在不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 Peasant have occupied the majority of the social population since ancient times,but in the long academic history,peasant are not the key group discussed by political scientists.James C.Scott questioned previous theories about peasant status and peasant resistance.He believed that peasant did not have as little political influence as elites imagined.Scott deeply observes the social relations of moral economy,localism culture and asylum in the lower society,puts forward the theory of moral economic of the peasants,and explains two forms of non-violent social struggle,namely daily resistance and separatist rebellion.His research provides a new perspective for the previous theory of resistance.This article attempts to sort out a clearer framework from Scott’s anthropological narrative,and conduct a comprehensive and systematic study of Scott’s resistance thoughts.The basic ideas of this paper are as follows: Firstly,the existing research in this paper is sorted out comprehensively from two aspects.One is the development of the theory of resistance,and the other is the research status of Scott’s thought.Secondly,it elaborates Scott’s thought of resistance from three perspectives: the environment of resistance,the motivation of resistance and the form of resistance.The three parts answer three questions respectively,namely,what kind of background environment does Scott observe the political struggle take place in? Why did Scott observe political resistance among the underprivileged? How will we fight? Finally,based on all the above studies,this paper evaluates Scott’s research contents and research methods from two aspects of contribution and limitation.The underlying non-violent resistance described by Scott takes place in the context of moral economy,localism culture and patron-client political.And there are many reasons for the political struggle of the low-level peasants.The change of economic relations of production enlarges the gap between the rich and the poor,which makes it difficult to guarantee the minimum social rights of the peasants.The original redistribution mechanism has also changed,and the small-scale peasants facing the survival crisis are in a thorough predicament.Secondly,the imbalance of reciprocity provides the moral basis for the political struggle of small farmers.Thirdly,the institutional environment has changed.The social simplification project carried out by the state has broken the original closed rural political environment.To a certain extent,it has squeezed the original informal organizations in the countryside.Peasants have resisted the surveillance,suppression and resource acquisition that may arisetherefrom.Fourth,farmers have the ability to use ideological resources to fight.Generally speaking,the first three points are the incentives of peasants’ resistance psychology,and the last one is the explanation of peasants’ resistance ability,which ultimately leads to peasants’ resistance behavior.Peasants’ political resistance mainly includes two kinds: daily form resistance and separatist rebellion.Scott’s contribution to the research content can be summarized as "break" and "build" : "break" is to reflect on the original theory of resistance,pointing out the shortcomings of the original theory of resistance,mainly reflected in Scott’s rethinking of "social movement",advocating that the daily form of resistance under subculture can also achieve the desired results of social movement;He put forward the elite perspective of the western theory of resistance,refuted the hypothesis of "no politics at the bottom",and put forward that the traditional society in the countryside is the assets of the revolution and the peasants are the participants behind the revolution.He rethinked the social mobilization in the peasant revolution,believing that the peasants mobilized the leading class,rather than the leading class mobilized the peasants."Build" means that Scott put forward his own framework of political research at the bottom,redefining the role and status of peasants in political life from the political results;rethinking the "ideological hegemony";putting forward the principles of simplification and clarity of national planning and social construction,thinking about national modernization,and declaring that the political ecology at the bottom of the country is for national modernization.From the perspective of research methods,Scott uses vertical cooperation model to analyze class relations,and introduces anthropological and historical research methods to analyze political issues.Of course,Scott’s research also has some shortcomings.Although the research methods of anthropology have strengthened the credibility of data,they also limit him to the paradigm of Western centralism.Because of the static characteristics of the research methods of anthropology,he has some shortcomings in exploring the development trend of theory in the historical scope.更多还原