【作者】 王文婷；

【导师】 兰华；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 政治学理论， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 在英国,执政党、议会和内阁三位一体,执政党同时掌握着立法权和行政权。为了防止议会权力过大从而导致专断,英国的宪法惯例赋予了在议会中占据次多席位的政党相当的权力来监督执政党。本文将以博林布鲁克的反对党理论为基础,从对英国反对党的概念界定和历史入手,分析反对党对执政党的监督方式以及监督效力。鉴于国内学者对于“英国反对党”这一概念尚未有统一的界定,笔者对国内外学者对于英国反对党概念的不同界定进行了阐述,并将本文中英国反对党界定为在英国议会选举中占据次多席位、未能执掌政权的政党。纵观英国的民主政治发展史,反对党发挥了重要作用。笔者将反对党形成以及发展的历史进程分为三个时期:(1)17世纪末至18世纪60年代:萌芽时期;(2)18世纪60年代至19世纪初:有组织的反对党;(3)19世纪初至今:国王陛下的反对党。反对党的存在和对执政党的监督是英国政党政治的显著特征,有着深厚的理论基础。反对党的发展历史同时也是反对党理论的发展历史,以博林布鲁克为代表的政治学家为反对党存在的合法性进行了理论阐述,为反对党正名,并提出了反对党的活动方式。笔者以博林布鲁克等人提出的反对党活动的三种途径为基础,从反对党自身实力的强化、监督敦促政府行动和取得政权三个维度分析反对党监督执政党的方式以及所能取得的实际效力。通过分析,可以发现,英国宪法为反对党提供的财政支持以及政党的高度凝聚力为反对党监督提供了内在动力,质询、监督委员会以及辩论,特别是“反对党日”辩论为反对党批判政府、发表本党主张提供了机会,“影子内阁”和倒阁权更是直接威胁到执政党掌握政权。我们可以得出反对党虽然未能掌握国家权力,但宪法惯例赋予的权力使其依然能在英国的政治生活中发挥着举足轻重的作用,对执政党形成了强有力的监督。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the United Kingdom,the ruling party,the parliament and the cabinet are a trinity.The ruling party holds both the legislative power and the executive power.In order to prevent the excessive power of parliament from leading to arbitrary decisions,the British constitutional convention gives the party which occupies second most seat in the parliament considerable power to supervise the ruling party.Based on Bolingbroke’s opposition theory,this paper starts with the definition and history of the opposition party in Britain,and analyzes the supervision methods and effectiveness of the Opposition to the ruling party.In view of the lack of a unified definition of the concept of the Opposition in Britain by domestic scholars,the author elaborated on the different definitions of the concept of the Opposition in Britain by domestic and foreign scholars,and defined in this paper as the party that occupies second most seats in British parliamentary elections.Throughout the history of democratic politics in Britain,the Opposition have played an important role.The author divides the historical process of the formation and development of the Opposition into three periods:(1)from the end of the 17th century to the 1860s:the embryonic period;(2)1860s to early 1800s:organized opposition party;(3)from the beginning of the 19th century to the present:Her Majesty’s Most Loyal Opposition.The existence of the Opposition and the supervision of the ruling party are the remarkable characteristics of British party politics,which have profound theoretical basis.The development history of the Opposition is also the development history of the Opposition theory.Political scientists represented by Bolingbroke carried out theoretical elaboration on the legitimacy of the existence of the opposition party,justified the name of the opposition party,and proposed the activity mode of the opposition party.Based on the three ways of opposition activities proposed by Bolingbroke and others,the author analyzes the ways of the Opposition to supervise the ruling party and the actual effectiveness they can achieve from the three dimensions of strengthening the opposition parties’own strength,supervising and urging the government to take action and gaining political power.Can be found through the analysis that the British constitution provide financial support for the Opposition and the high cohesion of the Opposition to supervise the intrinsic motivation.Question,supervision committees and debate,especially Opposition Day give the Opposition a chance to criticize the government and come up with their own proposition.Shadow Cabinet and non-confidence motion are direct threats to the ruling party.We can conclude that although the Opposition fails to grasp the power,it still plays a decisive role in the political life in Britain due to the power granted by the constitutional convention and forms a strong supervision of the ruling party.更多还原