【作者】 王彩云；

【导师】 武春成；

【作者基本信息】 河北科技师范学院 ， 蔬菜学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 在我国北方地区,设施黄瓜栽培普遍,随着连续种植年限的增加,设施土壤结构遭到严重的破坏,次生盐渍化和连作障碍日益严重,不仅影响蔬菜生长发育,还制约了设施农业的可持续发展。生物炭作为一种新型土壤改良物质,对设施连作土壤的改良作用明显,但作用机理尚需进一步研究。本试验是在河北科技师范学院园艺实验站1号日光温室内进行,采用塑料桶栽培的方式,以黄瓜为试材,以温室外从未种植过蔬菜的露地菜田土壤和不同连作年限的黄瓜日光温室土壤为供试土壤,分别进行了生物炭单次施入和连续施入两个试验来探究其对不同连作年限黄瓜植株生长性状、单株产量、果实品质及土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性和微生物多样性等方面的影响,以期为生物炭作为连作土壤改良剂在生产上的应用提供理论支撑,主要研究结果如下:1.在生物炭单次施入试验中,对于连作6年和10年黄瓜日光温室土壤,生物炭的施入促进了黄瓜植株的生长,完善了叶片结构,显著增加了叶片厚度,分别提高了21.92%和32.63%,显著提高了叶片过氧化物酶的活性,分别提高了25.39%和10.72%,提高了黄瓜单株产量、蛋白质和维生素C(VC)的含量,黄瓜单株产量分别提高了11.36%和84.48%,蛋白质含量分别提高了22.74%和5.51%,VC含量分别提高了4.65%和5.13%。生物炭施入对连作障碍程度更严重的10年土壤增产效果明显要好于6年连作土壤。2.对于连作6年和10年黄瓜日光温室土壤,生物炭单次施入显著改善了土壤理化性状,其中土壤容重分别降低了23.70%和18.12%,有机质含量分别提高了17.05%和14.16%,阳离子交换量(CEC)分别提高了10.66%和21.01%;显著提高了土壤细菌数量及细菌/真菌,细菌数量分别是同年限连作土壤的1.13和2.00倍,细菌/真菌分别是同年限连作土壤的1.89和3.64倍,降低了真菌数量,尤其是尖孢镰刀菌数量,分别是同年限连作土壤的1.81和1.79倍,显著降低了脲酶活性,丰富了微生物多样性,改善了微生物的生长环境,减缓了连作对黄瓜的生育障碍。3.在生物炭连续施入的试验中,对于连作7年和11年黄瓜日光温室土壤,生物炭连续施入较单次施入促进了黄瓜植株生长,改善了叶片结构,其中叶片厚度分别显著增加了22.19%和1.66%,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,其中POD与CAT的活性达到显著水平,POD活性分别提高了28.81%和17.51%,CAT的活性分别提高了12.60%和42.12%,提高了黄瓜单株产量和果实品质,其中黄瓜单株产量分别提高了6.31%和19.68%,可溶性糖含量分别提高了14.84%和16.36%,生物炭连续施入较单次施入对连作障碍程度更严重的11年土壤的增产效果明显好于7年连作土壤。4.对于连作7年和11年黄瓜日光温室土壤,生物炭连续施入较单次施入显著改善了土壤的理化性状,其中土壤容重分别降低了14.02%和6.62%,有机质含量显著提高,分别提高了16.41%和11.61%,CEC也得到了显著提高,分别提高了2.85%和2.30%,提高了土壤细菌数量及细菌/真菌,其中细菌/真菌分别是同年限连作土壤单次施入生物炭的1.75和1.72倍,显著降低了真菌数量,分别降低了28.99%和31.93%,丰富了微生物多样性,说明连作土壤连续施入生物炭具有更好的理化性状,更有利于根系对养分的吸收,能够显著改善黄瓜连作土壤的生态环境。综上所述,生物炭单次施入降低了连作土壤容重,增加了土壤透气性,提高了土壤pH及CEC,增强了土壤速效磷等养分的有效性,降低了土壤真菌数量,提高了细菌/真菌,提高了微生物均匀度指数、丰富度指数,丰富了微生物群落多样性,改善了根区微生态环境,促进了黄瓜生长,提高了黄瓜单株产量;生物炭连续施入较单次施入对黄瓜生长促进效果更加明显,主要表现在改善了设施连作土壤的理化性质、丰富了微生物多样性,促进了黄瓜植株生长、改善了黄瓜叶片结构、降低了MDA含量,提高了叶片保护酶活性、黄瓜单株产量及品质,为黄瓜生长提供了更多的营养物质并改善了微生物根区生态环境,减缓了连作对黄瓜生长的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 In northern China,facility cucumber cultivation is common.With the increase of continuous planting years,the soil structure of the facility has been seriously damaged.The secondary salinization and continuous cropping obstacles have become more and more serious,which not only affects the growth and development of vegetables,but also restricts the agriculture of facilities.sustainable development.As a new type of soil improvement material,biochar has obvious effects on the improvement of continuous cropping soil,but the mechanism of action needs further study.This experiment was carried out in the solar greenhouse of No.1 Horticultural Experimental Station of Hebei Science & Technology Normal University.It was cultivated in plastic buckets,using cucumber as a test material,and the open field vegetable soil and the different continuous cropping cucumbers that had never been planted outside the greenhouse.The soil in the greenhouse was used as the tested soil.Two experiments of biochar application and continuous application were carried out to investigate the growth traits,yield per plant,fruit quality,soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity of cucumber plants with different continuous cropping years.And the influence of microbial diversity,etc.,in order to provide theoretical support for the application of biochar as a continuous soil amendment in production.The main findings are as follows:1.In the single application experiment of biochar,the application of biochar promoted the growth of cucumber plants in the continuous cropping soil of cucumber for 6 years and 10 years,improved the leaf structure,significantly increased the thickness of the leaves,and improved respectively.21.92% and 32.63% significantly increased the activity of leaf peroxidase,which increased by 25.39% and 10.72%,respectively,increased the content of cucumber protein and vitamin C(VC),and the protein content increased by 22.74% and 5.51%,respectively.The VC content increased by 4.65% and 5.13%,respectively,and the yield per plant of cucumber increased by 11.36% and 84.48%,respectively.The effect of biochar application onthe soil yield increase of 10 years was more than that of continuous soil for 6 years.2.For the continuous cropping of 6-year and 10-year cucumber greenhouse soils,the single application of biochar significantly improved the soil physical and chemical properties,and the soil bulk density decreased by 23.70% and 18.12%,respectively,and the organic matter content increased by 17.05% and 14.16%,respectively.The cation exchange capacity(CEC)increased by 10.66% and 21.01%,respectively;significantly increased the number of soil bacteria and bacteria/fungi.The number of bacteria was 1.13 and 2.00 times that of the same year,and the bacteria/fungi were the same as the soil for the same year.1.89 and 3.64 times,reducing the number of fungi,especially the number of Fusarium oxysporum,which are 1.81 and 1.79 times of continuous soil in the same year,which significantly reduced urease activity,enriched microbial diversity,improved microbial growth environment,and slowed down.The continuous cropping obstacle to cucumber.3.In the continuous application of biochar,for the continuous application of7-year and 11-year cucumber greenhouse soils,the continuous application of biochar promoted the growth of cucumber plants and improved the leaf structure,respectively.The increase of 22.19% and 1.66% reduced the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT),among which POD and The activity of CAT reached a significant level,POD activity increased by 28.81% and 17.51%,respectively.The activity of CAT increased by 12.60% and 42.12%,respectively,and the yield per plant and fruit quality of cucumber increased.The yield per plant of cucumber increased by 6.31%.And 19.68%,the soluble sugar content increased by 14.84% and 16.36%,respectively.The continuous application of biochar was more effective than the single application for 11 years of continuous cropping.4.For continuous cropping of 7-year and 11-year cucumber greenhouse soils,the continuous application of biochar significantly improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil,and the soil bulk density decreased by 14.02% and 6.62%,respectively,and the organic matter content increased significantly.Increased by16.41% and 11.61%,CEC has also been significantly improved,increasing by 2.85%and 2.30%,respectively,increasing the number of soil bacteria and bacteria/fungi,inwhich bacteria/fungi are the same time continuous soil for single application of biochar The 1.75 and 1.72 times significantly reduced the number of fungi,which decreased by 28.99% and 31.93%,respectively,which enriched the microbial diversity,indicating that the continuous application of biochar in continuous cropping soil has better physical and chemical properties,and is more conducive to the absorption of nutrients by roots.It can significantly improve the ecological environment of cucumber continuous cropping soil.In summary,a single application of biochar reduces the soil bulk density,increases soil permeability,increases soil pH and CEC,enhances the availability of nutrients such as soil available phosphorus,reduces the number of soil fungi,and increases bacteria./Fungi,increased microbial uniformity index,richness index,enriched microbial diversity,improved root micro-ecological environment,promoted cucumber growth,increased cucumber yield per plant;continuous application of biochar was applied in a single application The effect of cucumber growth promotion is more obvious,which is mainly to improve the physical and chemical properties of the continuous cropping soil,enrich the microbial diversity,promote the growth of cucumber plants,improve the leaf structure of cucumber,reduce the content of MDA,and improve the activity of leaf protective enzymes.The yield and quality of cucumber per plant provided more nutrients for cucumber growth and improved the ecological environment of microbial root zone,which slowed the effect of continuous cropping on cucumber growth.更多还原