【作者】 李勇；

【导师】 柴瑞娟；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 数字货币相对于传统货币,优点在于极大地削减降低了发行与流通成本,更加公开便捷,较好地增高买卖双方的交易效率。2008年,一自称名为中本聪的研究者发布了涉及密码问题的研究学性的报告,首次提出了电子货币的设想,比特币就这样诞生。比特币实质就是由所谓的分布式网络架构保障的、能够公开查询的电子账册集-也即“区块链(block chain)”,区块链能够存储双份信息,并且黑客无法攻入进行修改,从而在价值信息的传递上具有任何货币无法比及的效率优势。同时,该数字货币的出产过程也能被保存,在可彼此查验的每十分钟间隔存储一次的公然账单上举行备案。数字货币的生产过程就是所谓的电子数据运行“挖矿”的过程,就是拥有了该电子数据记账权的所有权,交易即是该电子账册的转让。挖掘比特币的“矿工”通过演算,在矿机上挖掘满足渴求的随机代码,将这个代码和其他的交易信息合并为一个block(区块),并将其登记在该账簿里,这样比特币就此产生。在互联网以及电子支付的飞速发展下,以区块链为底层技术的数字货币逐步走进人们的视野,也得到了世界各国政府的重视。由于其数字货币交易不受时间、地域的限制所带来的便利和其去中心化的特性,对全世界传统商业体系产生了重大影响,其核心区块链技术可能引发诸多领域的变革。目前不同的国家对比特币类的数字货币的法律地位看法是不一致的,而数字货币却跨境跨区域流通的,一旦出现问题很难有一个统一的监管措施去处理。以我国为例,我国严格禁止比特币的交易行为,如果比特币交易行为对于我国产生了不良影响,侵害了我国公民或是国家的利益,但是在交易发生国家比特币交易行为是合法的,则我国无权追究其责任。与此同时,有许多犯罪分子利用数字货币的匿名性和去中心化的特性在从事走私、贩毒和洗钱等犯罪活动,因此使用数字货币进行将会承担一定的法律风险。一直以来我国监管部门都认为比特币是且仅仅是某种特别的虚构商品。2013年12月5日《人民银行等五部委发布关于防范比特币风险的通知》将比特币作为“特定的虚拟商品”,比特币与普通货币不同,且国家不认可它的合法性,明确表示比特币不可以在交易中运用。监管部门看到了数字货币由于不受任何中心化平台或者机构控制,存在对金融秩序造成巨大冲击的可能性。也无法通过传统商业银行等中间机构监控其运行。但是,对于比特币的法律定性,各国政府也不都是一样,我们可以从国外其他国家的监管政策与监管思路中得到应有的启发。本文通过对数字货币及其核心区块链技术的全方位了解和研究,对其所带来的机遇和潜在蕴藏的风险进行深入分析,并在结合国内外文献研究现状的基础上,立足于我国的基本国情,提出一些对风险管理的相关建议即明确数字货币以及区块链技术的发展思路、修订完善的数字货币法律法规、构建健全的数字货币监管体系、加强对数字货币的宣传教育。更多还原

【Abstract】 Compared with traditional currency,digital currency has the advantages of greatly reducing the cost of issuance and circulation,making it more open and convenient,and improving the transaction efficiency of buyers and sellers.In 2008,a researcher named Nakamoto published a research report on cryptography,and first proposed the idea of electronic money.Bitcoin was born in this way.Bitcoin is essentially an electronic book collection that can be publicly queried,guaranteed by the so-called distributed network architecture,namely"block chain".Block chain can store two pieces of information,and hackers can’t break in and modify it,thus it has an efficiency advantage that no currency can match in the transmission of value information.At the same time,the production process of the digital currency can also be saved and filed on public bills that can be checked each other every ten minutes.The production process of digital money is the so-called"mining" process of electronic data operation.It is the ownership of the electronic data accounting right.Transaction is the transfer of the electronic account book.The miners who mine Bitcoin use calculus to dig random code on the miner to satisfy their desire,merge the code and other transaction information into a block(block)and register it in the account book,so that Bitcoin comes into being.With the rapid development of Internet and electronic payment,the digital currency with block chain as the bottom technology has gradually come into people’s vision,and has also received the attention of governments all over the world.Because of the convenience of digital currency transaction which is not limited by time and region and its de-centralization characteristics,it has a significant impact on the world’s traditional business system,and its core block chain technology may lead to changes in many fields.At present,different countries have different opinions on the legal status of digital currencies in the Bit currency category,while digital currencies are circulating across borders and regions.Once problems arise,it is difficult to have a unified regulatory measure to deal with them.Take China as an example,bitcoin trading is strictly prohibited in China.If bitcoin trading has a negative impact on our country and infringes on the interests of our citizens or the country,but it is legal for the country to conduct bitcoin trading,then our country has no right to pursue its responsibility.At the same time,many criminals take advantage of the anonymity and decentralization of digital money to engage in criminal activities such as smuggling,drug trafficking and money laundering,so using digital money will bear certain legal risks.China’s regula.tory authorities have always believed that Bitcoin is and is only a special fictional commodity.On December 5,2013,the People’s Bank of China and other five ministries and commissions issued the Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risk,which regards Bitcoin as a"specific virtual commodity".Bitcoin is different from ordinary currency,and the state does not recognize its legitimacy.It clearly indicates that Bitcoin can not be used in transactions.Regulators have seen that digital money is not controlled by any centralized platform or institution,and there is the possibility of a huge impact on the financial order.Nor can it monitor its operation through intermediaries such as traditional commercial banks.However,for the legal nature of Bitcoin,governments are not the same.We can get the inspiration from the regulatory policies and ideas of other countries.Based on the comprehe.nsive understanding and research of digital currency and its core block chain technology,this paper makes a thorough analysis of the opportunities and potential risks brought about by digital currency and its core block chain technology.On the basis of the research status of literature at home and abroad,and based on the basic national conditions of our country,this paper puts forward some suggestions on risk management,that is,to clarify the development ideas and revisions of digital currency and block chain technology.Perfect laws and regulations of digital currency,perfect supervision system of digital currency,and strengthen propaganda and education of digital currency.更多还原