高中生物难点分析和教学策略探究

【作者】 徐慧；

【导师】 沈浩宁；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 学科教学（生物）（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【副题名】以“光合作用和细胞呼吸”为例

【摘要】 在实际教学活动中,每一门学科都会存在各种各样的难点。这些难点不仅阻碍了教师正常高效的教学活动,也会阻碍学生的全面发展。因此解决好难点问题是每一位教育工作者的重要工作。目前对难点的研究涉及到各行各业,对生物学教学活动中的难点的研究也不少。以高中生物必修一“光合作用和细胞呼吸”章节内容为例,很多期刊文章都对该节内容做了探讨,但其中多为一线教师的经验总结,这些文章虽具有一定的参考价值,但相对来说缺乏系统性和理论依据的支撑。由于该章节是实际教学活动中的一大难点,因此,论文基于教育学、教育心理学等理论,对该章节的内容进行了更加细化和系统的研究。本文在做了一定理论研究的基础上,运用调查问卷和测试试卷对南京市X中学的部分高一学生进行调查,对调查问卷和测试试卷进行难点百分比统计、差异系数和难度系数分析,最终确定了学生在“光合作用和细胞呼吸”章节的难点。然后结合难点测试题分析和难点测试题学生访谈,对已确定的难点进行分析,再分别从课程和教材角度、教师角度和学生角度分析导致难点形成的原因,并依据心理学相关知识将难点划分为四种类型。综合以上,本文针对该章节的难点提出以下突破策略:创设学习情境、激起认知动因;运用比较教学,明晰认知内容;结合模型建构,加强逻辑推理;自主实验探究,促进知识建构。最后,笔者将所提策略运用到该中学的一个平行班中进行两节课的教学实践,实践结果在一定程度上证实了本文所提策略的有效性,可以为一线教师的教学实践提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the course of teaching activities,each subject has varieties of difficulties,which not only affects teaching activities’ course and effectiveness,but also hinders students’ all-round development.Therefore,solving the difficulties is an important work for each educator.At present,all walks of life begin the study of difficulties,including the biology teaching field.Taking the chapter,photosynthesis and cellular respiration,in the third compulsory biology textbook for high school for example,many journal articles have probed into this chapter,but many of the journal articles’ studies are summary of the front-line teachers’ experience.The studies may have certain reference value but has no systematicness and no theoretical basis.Therefore,this thesis studies the content of this chapter more specifically and systematically,based on pedagogy and education psychology and other theories.Based on some theoretical research,this thesis used questionnaire survey and test papers to survey some students from grade one of X high school in Nanjing.According to the percentage of difficulties,the difference coefficient and the difficult coefficient,the study finally determined the difficult points of students’ learning,in this chapter,photosynthesis and cellular respiration.The thesis analyzed the causes of the difficult points from aspects of curriculum,teaching material,teachers and students.Then the thesis divided the difficult points into four types according to the psychological knowledge.To sum up,the thesis put forward the following breakthrough strategies:create learning situation and arouse the cognitive motivation;use comparative teaching and clarify cognitive content;strengthen logical reasoning by combining model construction;explore independently and promote knowledge construction.In the end,I used the strategies in practical teaching for two lessons in a parallel class.The practical results confirms that the strategy has effectiveness to a certain extent and provide reference for the front-line teachers.更多还原