【作者】 李威；

【导师】 王福生；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 从现实考量上看,在人的社会生活中无时无刻不在关注着人的需要,包括衣食住行等物质需要,亦包括审美艺术道德等精神伦理需要,它关系着人如何生活得更好,如何生活得更像人;从理论考量上看,尤其是在马克思的著作文本中,人的需要从来都是马克思关注的一个研究问题,马克思关心着无产阶级的生存状况,为整个社会进行“把脉”,寻求病根,继而实现人类需要的真正解放。无论是从现实还是从理论层面去看人的需要问题,它都是马克思主义研究学者们应该去正视、剖析的重要问题。马克思的文本为我们提供了非常有价值的理论资料。从文本中抽丝剥茧,以人的需要问题为切入点去探讨人的本性、人在资本时代下的异化以及如何获得全人类的解放。马克思希望能够通过理论论证来团结全世界的无产阶级进行无产阶级革命,但是在当今时代,革命的方式与方法似乎已经不再占有主导地位,动用科技智慧大力发展生产力,通过私有制的扬弃以及教育才是实现作为人的本性的需要的必要手段。马克思的需要理论并非是单独提出并论证的理论,而是有关人的本性、人的异化、人的解放等相关重要问题联系在一起的理论。它分散在马克思的著作文本中,所以就需要从马克思恩格斯全集中一点点梳理出马克思有关人的需要问题的论述和解读。而这也是忠于马克思需要理论最基础也是最重要的方法。在当今时代,尤其是我国的社会主要矛盾随着社会历史的发展,逐渐转变为人民日益增长的对美好生活需要和不平衡不充分发展之间的矛盾,这是历史的进步,同时我们也可以得知随着全世界生产力和生产水平的不断提高,人们的物质需求不断得到改善,精神诉求也在渐渐被提上日程。所以当今时代通过类似人工智能、大数据等创新型技术推动社会生产力,通过应试教育升级为素质教育,通过政府宏观调控的力量有效扬弃私有财产,这是实现作为人的本性的需要的重要途径,也是我们基于马克思的需要理论在未来所应努力的方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the practical point of view,people are always pay attention to their needs in social life,including material needs,such as food,clothing,shelter and transportation,etc..as well as spiritual and ethical needs such as the aesthetic art and morality,which are related to how people live a better life,and how to live more like a person;from a theoretical point of view,especially in the texts of Marx’s works,the needs of human beings has always been a study issue that Marx paid close attention to,Marx was concerned about the living conditions of the proletariat,feeling the pulse of the whole society and seeking the root cause of the disease,and then to achieve the real liberation of human needs.Whether from the reality or from the theoretical level to view the needs of human beings,it is an important issue that Marxist scholars should face and analyze.The text of Marx provides us with very valuable theoretical materials,analyzing and researching step by step and meticulously.With the human needs as a starting point to explore human nature,human alienation in the capitalistic age and how to achieve the liberation of all humankind.In Marx’s time,Marx hoped to be able to unite the proletariat all over the world to carry out the proletarian revolution through scientific theoretical argumentation.In the present age,the methods of revolution no longer seem to occupy a dominant position.Using the wisdom of science and technology to develop productive forces vigorously,besides the abandonment of private ownership,education is the necessary means to realize the needs of human nature.Marx’s theory of need is not a theory which is put up and demonstrated alone,but a theory which unites the important things of human beings,like human nature,alienation and liberation of human beings etc.It is scattered in the whole text of Marx’s works,so it is necessary to sort out Marx’s exposition and interpretation of human needs from “Marx and Engels”.This is also the most basic and important method to be loyal to Marx’s theory of human need.In the present era,especially in our country,with the development of social history,the principal social contradictions have gradually changed to be the contradictions between the increasing needs of the people for a better life and the unbalanced and inadequate development,which is the progress of history.At the same time,we can also know that along with the continuous improvement of worldproductivity and production level,people’s material needs are constantly improved,and mean time,people’s spiritual demands are gradually being put up on the agenda.Therefore,in the present era,innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data are used to promote social productivity;our education system have been upgraded from examination-oriented to quality-oriented;and through the forces of the government’s macro-control,the private properties are abandoned.In view of Marx’s theory of needs,these are important ways to realize the needs of human nature and the direction we should strive for.更多还原