【作者】 陈晨；

【导师】 艾佳慧；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 法学理论， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 电影分级制度,是由电影评级机构根据一定标准,将电影划分为不同的级别,而每一级别的电影只提供给其适龄观影者观看的制度。世界上许多国家,包括美国、英国、韩国等,都建立了电影分级制度,以实现对其电影市场的灵活管理。尽管电影分级制度在我国尚未推行,但近几年对出台该制度的呼声却愈来愈高;这一方面是源于现行过于严苛的电影审查制度已展露出诸多弊病,另一方面,也是推动电影产业持续健康发展的时代需要。关于电影分级制度的研究,已涉及新闻学、法学、社会学、经济学等多学科交叉领域。本文主要从法学视角出发,辅之以必要的新闻学、社会学、经济学专业知识,以“电影”“电影审查”和“电影分级”为切入点,展开论述从电影审查到电影分级的理论意义和历史价值,系统分析电影分级制度在我国建立的必要性和可行性,并最终对我国电影分级进行了符合国情的制度探索。本文整体结构分为四个部分:第一部分,总括式的介绍了电影、电影审查以及电影分级制度的概念,将电影分级和电影审查进行了比较分析,从而发掘出电影分级制度更多的良性意义。需要注意的是,笔者还对“电影”这一艺术手法背后的法律蕴意进行了探讨。“电影”就其本质而言是表达自由的一种途径,而表达自由是法律保护的基本权利,同时也是催生电影分级制度的关键因素。此外,该部分也对本文的研究方法和研究框架进行了简要说明。第二部分,从理论和历史的角度阐释了从电影审查到电影分级的制度变迁。首先,从表达自由、利益博弈、程序自然法、权利义务有机统一等观点入手,铺设了电影分级得以逐步替代电影审查制度的理论基础;其次则对我国1989年电影分级的历史尝试、其他国家或地区建立电影分级制度的历史演进进行系统梳理,侧面印证了从电影审查到电影分级这一制度演化的必然之势。笔者在此列举了五个国家的相关立法例,这些规定既有共性也有细微出入,不同立法特色也为我国今后建立该制度确立了多方参照。第三部分,对我国国情进行解读,研究电影分级制度在当代中国建立的必要性和可行性。关于必要性的论证,既有对我国电影产业大环境的把握,也从现行电影审查的制度弊端方面进行了合理阐释。关于可行性的论证,则主要从电影行业和自律组织的发展完善,以及电影院线进行分级尝试等方面进行解释和说明。值得注意的是,笔者在此以问卷形式对我国建立电影分级制度的民意基础进行调查,调查结果表明赞成分级者占据了被试总体的绝大多数。第四部分,对我国的电影分级进行制度探索。电影分级的推行不可能一蹴而就,其实施必然存在难点。针对这些难点准备必要的制度铺垫和配套措施将能够为电影分级的推行带来极大裨益。与此同时,笔者对我国今后推行电影分级制度进行了路径探索,通过问卷形式对大众意见进行了调查,并根据整理的问卷结果对提出的制度框架进行充实。结合我国国情并借鉴域外经验,笔者从五个方面搭建了我国今后推行电影分级的制度框架,包括分级体系、分级标准、评级主体、评级程序以及事后的权利救济途径,以期能够实现电影分级制度的合理性、公允性与民主性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Film classification system means that different films should be divided into different levels,according to certain criteria made by the movie rating agencies,and each level of films is available only to the viewers of right age.Many countries in the world have established the film classification systems,including the United States,Britain and South Korea,in order to realize the flexible management of their film markets.Although the film classification system has not been implemented in our country,the appeals for this system are louder in recent years.On the one hand,it is due to the current film censorship system which is harsh and contains many disadvantages;on the other hand,the classification system is needed to promote the sustainable and healthy development of film industry in this era.Research on film classification system has been involved in a multi-disciplinary area,which includes journalism,law,sociology,economics and other subjects.This paper has mainly used the perspective of law,supplemented by necessary specialized knowledge of journalism,sociology,economics,applied "film" "film censorship" and "film classification" as breakthrough points,discussed theoretical significance and historical value of the film censorship and film classification,systematically analyzed the necessity and feasibility of establishing the film classification system in our country,and ultimately explored the China’s film classification,which is suitable to our national situation.The overall structure of this paper contains four parts:The first part introduces the concept of film,film censorship,and film classification,comparative analyzes the film classification and film censorship system,and explores more positive meanings of film classification.It is important that the author has discussed the legal meaning of "film",which is commonly known as an art gimmick.In essence,"film" is a kind of way to freedom of expression,and freedom of expression is the legal protection of basic rights,which is also a key factor to generate film classification system.In addition,this part briefly explains the research methods and research framework of this paper.The second part,using the perspective of theory and history,states the system change from film censorship to film classification.First of all,this part applies the freedom of expression,the interests of game,procedure of natural law,and organic unification of rights and obligations to lay the theoretical foundation for gradually replacement to film censorship by film classification;Secondly,it systematically clarifies the 1989 historical try of film classification in our country,the evolution to set up the film classification system in other countries and regions,and indirectly confirms the inevitable trend from film censorship to the film classification.The author has listed the related regulations in five countries,and these regulations have both commonness and subtle discrepancy.The different characteristics of legislation have provided many references for our country to establish this system.The third part interprets the situation of our country and studies the necessity and feasibility to set up film classification system in contemporary China.As for the necessity,it is reasonably testified by analyzing the Chinese movie industry environment and institutional drawbacks of current censorship system.As for the feasibility,it is mainly stated by explaining the development of film industry and self-discipline organization,and the classification attempts of cinema chains.It should be noticed that the author has used questionnaires to investigate the public opinion of establishing the film classification system in our country,and the results show that approvers has taken up the vast majority of all the participants.The fourth part explores the film classification system in China.The implementation of film classification cannot be finished at once,and this implementation must exist difficulties.Aiming at these difficulties,preparing necessary supporting measures can bring the film classification great benefits.At the same time,the author has studied the path to set up the film classification system in the future of our country,investigated the public opinion through questionnaires,and enriched the institutional framework according to the results.Combined with the situation of our country and experience of other countries,the author has built the film classification system framework from five aspects,including the rating system,the rating standards,the rating subjects,the rating procedures,and relief rights afterwards,in order to realize the reasonability,fairness and democracy of film classification.更多还原