【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 刘世琦； 杨建平；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 园艺（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 在大蒜生长前期因叶片窄长、植株高度低,滋生杂草多、数量大且蒜田杂草适应性广,繁殖力强,大部分杂草的繁殖系数是种植作物的几倍至几十倍,与大蒜争水争肥、争光照,导致大蒜减产20%~30%,严重的减产达50%以上。据报道,我国农田杂草共有250余种,其中发生面积大的杂草当中仅禾本科杂草就占40%,还有60%的阔叶杂草、十字花科、藜科等,所以在影响蒜苗生长的因素中,杂草的安全有效防除是关键因素之一。近年来,除草剂的施用极大地降低了劳动强度、有效提高了农业生产效率,对蔬菜的产量和品质提升起到了积极作用。本试验旨在探究适于大蒜苗期施用的除草剂,找出既能实现大蒜的安全、无害生产又能消灭杂草的除草剂。本试验以“金乡紫皮大蒜”为试材,喷施清水作为对照。首先从山东省泰安市当地购买常见除草剂用盆栽试验的方式进行初筛;然后再将选好的除草剂进行浓度的筛选,先做室内验证,再在大田进行最后的筛选,以便与生产实际相结合;最后在进行复配除草剂的筛选,以便达到杀草谱广、效果好、见效快、产量高的目的。以期能为大蒜苗期除草剂选用方面提供准确的理论依据。研究结果如下:1.筛选出适合大蒜苗期施用的除草剂。通过对市面常见的19种除草剂进行安全性和防治效果评价。结果表明,10%精喹禾灵EC、15%精吡氟禾草灵EC、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC、30%辛酰溴苯腈EC、48%灭草松AS的药害程度为无药害(—),死苗率基本为0%,其余除草剂药害严重,死亡率较高,故将其淘汰。2.不同除草剂适宜浓度的筛选。将前期筛选好的6种适合的除草剂设置成低、中、高三个浓度,以喷施清水作为对照,分别对各浓度除草剂处理下的大蒜进行了安全性、防治效果、生长指标、生理指标等的测定。结果显示,当蒜田以禾本科杂草为主时应选用10%精喹禾灵EC为525 ml/hm~2、15%精吡氟禾草灵EC为750 ml/hm~2、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC为450 ml/hm~2、12.5%烯禾啶EC为1350 ml/hm~2;以阔叶杂草为主时应选用30%辛酰溴苯腈EC为1200 ml/hm~2、48%灭草松AS为1500 ml/hm~2。3.复配除草剂的筛选。将筛选好的适宜浓度的除草剂单剂进行组合,同样以喷施清水作为对照,经过安全性、防治效果、生长指标、生理指标及产量等的测定。结果显示,精喹禾灵+辛酰溴苯腈、精吡氟禾草灵+辛酰溴苯腈、精喹禾灵+灭草松、烯禾啶+灭草松,这几种复配除草剂更适合大蒜苗期茎叶喷雾防治大蒜田常见杂草。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the early garlic growth due to narrow blade length,low plant height,breeding weeds and more,large quantities of garlic and weed adaptability,reproductive ability,most of the weeds breeding coefficient is several times to several times the crop,Competing with garlic for fertilizer,winning the light,resulting in 20%to 30%reduction in garlic,a serious reduction of more than 50%.It is reported that there are 255 kinds of farmland weeds in our country,of which about 10 kinds of large weeds occur.Among them,only 40%of weeds are grass weeds,60%of broadleaf weeds,Cruciferae,Chenopodiaceae and so on,so in the factors that affect the growth of garlic seedlings,the safe and effective weed control is one of the key factors.In recent years,the application of herbicides has greatly reduced the labor intensity,effectively raised the agricultural production efficiency and played a positive role in the yield and quality of vegetables.The purpose of this study was to study herbicides suitable for the application of garlic at seedling stage and to find herbicides that would both make the garlic seedlings safe,harmless and eliminate weeds.In this experiment,"Jinxiang purple garlic"as the test material,spraying water as a control.As the herbicide rarely applied at the seedling stage of garlic,the following experiments were arranged:First,the local herbicides purchased from Tai’an City,Shandong Province were tested by pot test;then the herbicides selected for concentration Screening,indoor verification first,and then in the field for the final screening,in order to combine with the actual production;Finally,the screening of compound herbicides,in order to achieve a broad spectrum to kill grass,the effect is good,quick,high yield purposes.The purpose of this study is to provide an accurate theoretical basis for garlic seedling herbicide screening.The results are as follows:1.Screened suitable for garlic seedling herbicide.Through the common market 19 kinds of herbicides safety assessment and plant height determination.The results showed that Pesticide-free herbicides are 10%quizalofop-p-ethyl EC,15%fluazifop-p-ethyl EC,10.8%cromoflavin EC,12.5%Bromoxynil EC,30%octanoylbromobenzonitrile EC,48%Methomyl AS and the rate of dead seedling is 0%,the rest of the herbicide serious injury,high mortality,it will be eliminated.2.Garlic seedling single herbicide concentration screening.The 6 kinds of suitable herbicides which were screened in the early stage were set as low,middle and high concentration,and the spraying of fresh water was used as control.The safety and control effects of the herbicides were studied respectively.Biochemical indicators,morphological indicators,such as the determination of yield.The results showed that when the garlic field dominated by gramineous weeds should be used 10%Quizalofop-p-ethyl EC 525ml/hm~2,15%Fluazifop-p-butyl EC 750ml/hm~2,10.8%Haloxyfop-r-methyl EC 450ml/hm~2,12.5%Sethoxydim EC 1350ml/hm~2 and for broadleaf weeds can choose 30%Bromoxynil octanoate EC 1200ml/hm~2,48%Bentazone AS 1500ml/hm~2.3.Compound herbicide screening.The screening of a suitable concentration of a single herbicide combination,the same water spray as a control,after the safety and control effects and the various physiological and biochemical indicators,morphological indicators,the determination of yield.The results showed that quizalofop-p-ethyl and Octyl bromoxynil,fluazifos+Octyl bromoxynil,quizalofop-p-ethyl+imazapyr,Diepivudine+imazapyr,With herbicides more suitable for garlic seedling stems and leaves spray garlic variety of weed control.更多还原