【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 王秋；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 课程与教学论（化学）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 21世纪的许多挑战将需要有科学思维和科学发现基础的创新解决办法。社会将需要一批受过良好教育的科学家进行研究,培养创新精神对迎接世界面临的经济、社会和环境挑战至关重要。基于这些原因,科学素养被认为是一项关键能力。科学素养评估是评价科学素养的有效方式,对科学教育具有导向性。PISA、TIMSS、NAEP科学测评项目是目前国际上最具权威性和影响力的科学测评项目,对我国基础科学课程的教学与评价改革具有借鉴意义。论文以PISA、TIMSS、NAEP历年的科学评估框架以及已公开的化学相关测试题为研究对象,运用文献法梳理三大科学测评的发展趋势,运用内容分析法、案例法分别研究各测评公开试题的特点,运用比较法横向分析公开测试题设计的共性和差异。研究表明:三大测评均重视学生在真实情境中解决问题的能力,越来越重视科学与技术的密切联系,由侧重科学探究能力的考查趋向科学实践能力的考查。三大测评的试题设计既存在共性,又有各自的优势,其试题类型丰富,呈现方式趋于计算机测评,强调动态性、交互性和个性化;情境注重真实性,知识考查侧重核心概念,综合程度高。能力考查侧重科学实践,其中PISA和NAEP都考虑了学生的认知需求水平。另外,PISA关注科学态度,NAEP关注学习进阶。对我国化学教学的启示与建议为:深入开展情境教学;探索以学科核心素养为导向的教学策略;基于STEM理念开展化学教学;关注学习进阶;注重渗透认知性知识,培养批判性思维。对化学教学评价的启示与建议为:重视诊断性评价,构建化学学业成就评估框架;注重与其他学科的综合性评价;丰富试题类型与测评方式;注重对科学本质的评价;注重形成性评价,优化化学作业体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Many of the challenges of the 21 st century will require innovative solutions that have a basis in scientific thinking and scientific discovery.Societies will require a cadre of well-educated scientists to undertake the research and nurture the innovation that will be essential to meet the economic,social and environmental challenges that the world faces.For these reasons,scientific literacy is considered a key competency.Scientific literacy assessment is an effective way to evaluate scientific literacy,and it is oriented to scientific education.PISA,TIMSS and NAEP are the most authoritative and influential scientific evaluation projects in the world at present,which are used for reference for the teaching and evaluation reform of basic science curriculum in China.This paper takes the scientific assessment frameworks over the years of PISA,TIMSS,NAEP and the released items about chemistry as the research object,use literature method to analyze the development trend of the three major scientific assessment,use the content analysis method,case law to horizontally analyze the commonness and difference of the released items design.Use the comparative law to study the common characteristics of three assessments’ released items.The research shows that: the three assessments all attach importance to students’ abilities to solve problems in the real situation,and pay more attention to the close relationship between science and technology,from the focus on the ability of scientific inquiry to the ability of scientific practice.The characteristics of the released items have both commonness and respective advantages.The items’ types are diverse and tend to computerize,emphasizing dynamic,interactive and personalized.The contexts of items pay attention to authenticity and interest,knowledge focuses on the examination of the core concepts,which is comprehensive.The competences of items focus on the scientific practice,PISA and NAEP both consider the levels of cognitive demands.In addition,PISA also focuses on scientific attitudes,NAEP pay attention to advanced learning.The implications and suggestions for chemistry teaching in China are as follows: Carry out situational teaching in depth;Explore the teaching strategies oriented by the core qualities of subjects;Carry out chemistry teaching based on stem concept;Focus on advanced learning;Pay attention to penetrate cognitive knowledge,cultivate critical thinking.The implications and suggestions for chemistry teaching evaluation are as follows: paying attention to diagnostic evaluation and constructing the framework of chemistry academic achievement evaluation;Pay attention to the comprehensive evaluation with other disciplines;Enrich thetypes of test questions and evaluation methods;Pay attention to the evaluation of the nature of science;Pay attention to formative evaluation,optimize the chemical operation system.更多还原