【作者】 曹阳；

【导师】 张雪萍； 高梅香；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 土壤动物数目丰富,分布广泛,作为农田生态系统的重要分解者,在分解残体、土壤的产生与发育、改善土壤质地、促进土壤能量流动与物质迁移等方面起着关键性作用,能在复杂的环境变化下做出敏锐的响应。研究不同纬度梯度农田大型土壤动物的多样性、群落空间分布特征和功能类群的特征,是全球气候变化基础上对生物多样性进行保护的重要基石,有助于我们在区域尺度探索地下生态系统的生物多样性格局特征,同时对农田生态系统结构功能的维持和管理提供主要根据。本研究于2011年8月,沿着由高到低的纬度梯度,分别在塔河、带岭、帽儿山的农田生境选择研究样地。采用手捡法调查不同纬度农田生态系统大型土壤动物的群落组成、空间分布特征、多样性特征以及功能类群划分,并运用双变量相关分析及典范对应分析阐明大型土壤动物群落和土壤环境因子之间的关系,来揭示黑龙江省不同纬度梯度农田大型土壤动物群落分布特征以及干扰因子。本次调查捕获大型土壤动物35类2339只,隶属于2门6纲14目35科。其中线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)、正蚓科(Lumbricidae)、步甲科(Carabida)、隐翅虫科(Staphylinidae)为优势类群,其个体数占总个体数的58.84%;常见类群有蜘蛛目(Araneida),蚁科(Formicidae)和地蜈蚣目(Geophilomorpha)等8类,它们的个体数目占整体的32.79%。结果表明:(1)水平分布上:大型土壤动物的类群数和个体密度在水平分布上均呈现带岭>帽儿山>塔河,通过单因素方差分析可知大型土壤动物的类群数和个体密度在不同纬度地区无明显的不同。Pielou均匀度指数(E)和Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H′)均为帽儿山>带岭>塔河;Simpson优势度指数(C)表现为塔河和带岭最高,帽儿山最少;Margalef丰富度指数(D)则是塔河最多,其次为帽儿山和带岭。(2)垂直分布上:3个不同纬度样地的农田土壤动物个体密度和类群数在同垂直层次间不存在明显差异。除帽儿山5-10 cm土层土壤动物类群数较表层增加之外,其他样地大型土壤动物类群数和个体密度均随土层厚度的不断增加逐渐降低,说明表聚性明显。(3)与土壤环境因子关系上:双变量相关分析表明,不同纬度农田生境中的大型土壤动物的H′指数、E指数和C指数、类群数、个体密度和全磷、速效磷、全氮、土壤有机质和pH值均没有非常明显的相关性;典范对应分析(CCA)进一步表明,土壤动物中的常见类群和优势类群对土壤环境因素具有较强的适应能力,广泛分布在三个样地内。本次调查对不同纬度大型土壤动物的功能类群做了相关探讨,并将大型土壤动物划分为捕食性、植食性、腐食性和杂食性四种功能类群。腐食性土壤动物的生物量占据非常重要的地位,正蚓科(Lumbricidae)生物量最高,捕食性和腐食性土壤动物的密度占整体的80%以上,但在空间分布上4种功能类群的土壤动物未随纬度的递变呈现出规律性的变化。本研究表明,农田生态系统大型土壤动物的多样性指数和个体密度、类群数随纬度梯度的增加先增加后减少,但3个纬度样地间均无明显的差异。不同纬度土壤动物的类群受到环境变量的影响程度各异,土壤环境因子对土壤动物在局地尺度上的干扰不容忽视。本研究为区域尺度农田生境生物空间格局和多样性维持机制研究奠定基石。更多还原

【Abstract】 Soil faunas are abundant and widely distribution,soil fauna communities are important decomposers of farmland ecosystem.They play important role in decomposing debris,changing soil physical and chemical properties,driving soil formation and development,promoting soil material circulation and energy conversion,and the ability to make rapid changes in the environment to respond.The spatial distribution of diversity,community characteristics and functional groups of soil macro-faunals of different latitudinal gradient of farmland,which is global climate change on the basis of the important foundation for the conservation of biological diversity.And it help to explore the underground ecosystem at a regional scale in our biodiversity features,while maintaining and management of the structure and function of farmland according to the main ecosystem to provide.We selected three representative mountain areas along the latitudinal gradient: the Maoer Mountains,Dailing and Tahe.Fieldwork was conducted in August 2011.In this study,we determined the composition,horizontal structure,vertical structure,diversity characteristics and functional groups of soil macro-faunal in farmland systems along a latitudinal gradient.The hand picking method of separation was used to determine the soil macro-faunal communities.Using bivariate correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis,we assessed the relationships between soil animal communities and environmental factors,to reveal the distribution characteristics and interference factors of soil macro-fauna community in different latitudinal gradient farmland in Heilongjiang Province.In total,2,339 individuals from 35 groups of soil animals were collected,which belonged to 2 phyla,6 classes,14 orders,and 35 families.Enchytraeidae,Lumbricidae,Carabidae,and Staphylinidae were dominant families,accounting for 58.84% of the total number of individuals.Formicidae,Araneidae,and Geophilomorpha were common groups,accounting for 32.79% of the total number of individuals.The results showed that:(1)In terms of horizontal distribution,individual density and numbers of groups at sites followed the order Dailing >Maoer Mountain > Tahe.Results of the one-way ANOVA revealed there were no significant differences in individual density or richness in the soil macro-faunal communities at different latitudes.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H)and Pielou evenness index(E)for sites followed the order Maoer Mountain > Dailing > Tahe.The Simpson dominance index(C)of Tahe and Dailing were higher than that of the Maoer Mountains,and the Margalef richness index(D)was greatest in Tahe,followed by the Maoer Mountains and Dailing.(2)In terms of vertical distribution,no significant differences were detected among the three different latitudinal areas for individual density or richness at the same vertical level(P < 0.05).Individual density and richness in soil macro-faunal communities decreased with increasing soil depth,except for soil macro-faunal communities from the Maoer Mountains at 5–10 cm,indicating an obvious surface aggregation.(3)Regarding the relationships between soil macro-faunal communities and soil environmental factors,the bivariate correlation analysis showed there were no significant correlations among numbers of groups,individual densities,diversity indices,evenness indices,richness indices,pH values,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and available phosphorus.Results of canonical correspondence analysis further indicated that the dominant and common groups were highly adaptable to environmental factors and the dominant and common groups were widely distributed in the three latitudinal areas.In this paper,the research on the functional groups of soil macro-faunal with different latitudes was carried out.Soil macro-faunals were divided into four functional groups,namely,predator,phytophage,saprozoic and omnivore soil faunas.Saprozoic soil animal biomass accounted for the absolute superiority,the biomass of Lumbricidae was the largest,and the density of predator and saprozoic soil faunas accounted for more than 80%,but the soil faunas of four functional groups did not depend on the spatial distribution shows a regular change.This study showed that the numbers of groups,individual densities,and diversity indices of the soil macro-faunal communities from the farmland ecosystem changed along a latitudinal gradient,but no significant changes were found in this study.Different soil animal groups at different latitudes are affected by environment variables.At the local scale,the influence of environmental factors on soil macro-fauna should not be ignored.The results of the study create a foundation for researching spatial patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity maintenance at regional scales.更多还原