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利玛窦“耶华之辩”的三教观研究
【作者】 李艳；
【导师】 肖建原；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 宗教学， 2017， 硕士
【摘要】 1578年,意大利人利玛窦满怀着对东方思想、宗教文化的热忱、好奇和对传播天主教的迫切希望从葡萄牙里斯本乘船往东方,首先到达了印度的果阿,随后在东方视察员范礼安的派遣下到达中国澳门学习汉语。1583年,终于如愿进入中国广东省。利玛窦在华过程中,通过与中国本土文化相结合的独特的传教策略对天主教的传播做出了巨大贡献。在此期间,利玛窦不仅学习中国古代典籍,并且同中国的文人士大夫有了一步步不断加深的交流。随着利玛窦来华时间的增长,随着他在中国传播天主教的据点的变化,天主教的传播范围和深度不断扩大,不仅仅对上层士大夫阶级,乃至对下层老百姓都产生了重大影响。利玛窦本人在同中国传统而古老的东方文明进行接触时也形成了自己独特的看待儒、释、道三教的三教观。这种三教观的形成不仅有着历史上、思想上的独特性,也对利玛窦制定在华的传教策略起着重要作用,更是客观上促进了中西方文化的交流。因此,对利玛窦三教观的研究,是研究明清时期来华传教士在华传播天主教的基础,不仅有利于更好的了解利玛窦对中国传统的儒、释、道三教的看法和态度,也有利于整体上加深对儒、释、道“三教合一”思想及来华传教士在明朝传教状况的了解,对于明史的研究也有一定意义。本文不同于之前研究者把利玛窦置于单纯的耶佛、耶儒关系的研究视角,而是从“三教合一”的思想背景入手,把利玛窦的三教观同“三教合一”的文化背景结合起来,注重在“三教合一”思想文化背景中,利玛窦对待儒、释、道三教的不同态度以及思想渊源的探讨与研究。在这一思路的指导下,文章先从利玛窦的来华背景与在华历程的历史发展脉络出发,结合欧洲神学的发展、“三教合一”的思想背景以及利玛窦本人的来华经历,对利玛窦三教观产生的思想来源进行了梳理和分析。在此基础上,从“援儒入耶”、“驱佛正耶”、“容道化耶”三个方面对利玛窦三教观的内涵对应中国传统的儒、释、道三教进行了研究。在此基础上,提出儒学化的天主教思想,提出佛、耶信仰之争和包容道教民间信仰、社会习俗的观点。从“三教合一”基础上,中国传统的儒、释、道三教入手,讨论了利玛窦三教观的内涵。最后,文章对利玛窦的三教观及其对中西方文化交流产生的意义进行了总结论证。文章在相关文献资料的基础上,得出了利玛窦为了天主教在华更好的传播提出的独特的“融儒”、“排佛”、“容道”的三教观结论。基于中国“三教合一”的思想文化与宗教背景下,利玛窦在华长期传教伴随其认识和看待儒、释、道三教的“耶”、“华”交流过程,表现在对儒、释、道不同认识与态度的三教观:通过吸收融合儒家孝、仁等思想,排斥佛教空无观、偶像崇拜等思想,包容和接纳民间信仰、民俗习惯来传播天主教,促进天主教在华的发展壮大。这一发展模式不仅符合外来宗教本土化的发展策略,也符合当时中国的实际情况。因此,利玛窦对于儒、释、道三教认识的深化与态度的转变伴随明代天主教发展的小高潮,是这一时期中西思想文化交流明确和典型的例证。因此,本文的研究,不仅对于更好的了解利玛窦的三教观有一定的意义,也对于外来宗教本土化研究具有范式、借鉴意义,更对于中西方文化交流有一定的启示意义。
【Abstract】 The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci was full of enthusiasm for the Eastern countries and an urgently hope for spreading Catholicism all over the world.Matteo Ricci first arrived in Goa,India by Cruise from Lisbon,Portugal in 1578.Then,he was sent to Macau to study Chinese language by the Oriental inspector Alexander Valignano.And finally entered Guangdong province in China.Matteo Ricci has made a great contribution to the spread of Catholicism through the unique missionary approach.During this period,Matteo Ricci not only studied ancient Chinese classics,but also deepen the communication with Chinese scholar-bureaucrat.As long as Matteo Ricci stayed in China,with the transformation of Catholicism strongpoint in China,the scope and depth of Catholicism continuously extend and have had a significant impact,not only to the upper class scholar-bureaucrat,but even the ordinary.Ricci himself also formed his own unique view of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism when he proceed the contact with the traditional Chinese ancient civilization.The formation of this view of the three religions not only has the historical and ideological uniqueness,but also plays an important role in Matteo Ricci’s missionary strategy.It also promotes the exchange of Chinese and Western culture communication.Therefore,the study of Matteo Ricci’s view on Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism set the basement of study the mission of missionary in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.It is not only beneficial to a better understanding of Matteo Ricci’s understanding of the traditional Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism Views and attitudes,but also conductive to the overall deepening of Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism,"three religions unity" thought and get a more information of foreign missionaries in the Ming Dynasty,for the study of the Ming Dynasty also has some significance.This paper is different from the previous researches on the study of Matteo Ricci simply in the relationship between Jesus and Buddhism,the relationship between Jesus and Confucianism perspective,but from the "three religions" ideological background,combining the Matteo Ricci’s view of the three religious with the cultural background of the three religions come in to one,and pay attention to the different attitudes of Matteo Ricci to Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism,and the exploration and research of the origin of it in the background of "three religions".The article begins with analyzing the origin of Matteo Ricci’s thought from Matteo Ricci’s experience in China and the historical development of Chinese history.Combining with the development of European theology,the ideological background of"combination of three religions" and the Ricci’s own China’s experience.On this basis,the connotation of Matteo Ricci’ s view of the three religions is based on the three aspects of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.The study,put forward the Confucianism of the Catholic thought,put forward the Buddha and Jesus belief dispute and tolerate Taoist folk beliefs,social customs point of view.On the basis of the "Three Religions Unity",the traditional Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism are discussed,and the connotation of Matteo Ricci’s view is discussed.Finally,the article summarizes the significance of Matteo Ricci’s view and its significance to the cultural exchange between China and the West.On the basis of relevant literatures,this paper draws the conclusion that Matteo Ricci’s unique view of "fusion of Confucianism","exclusion of Buddhism" and"toleration of Taoism" is actually make Catholicism better spreading in China.After Matteo Ricci’s thought on combination of three religions he adopted the thought of integrating Confucian filial piety and benevolence,exclusion Buddhism’s empty view,idol worship and so on,inclusive and accepted folk beliefs to promote the development and expansion of Catholicism in China.This development model is not only in line with the development of foreign religious localization strategy,but also in line with the actual situation in China at that time.Therefore,Matteo Ricci’s view of the three religions can set off the climax of the development of the Catholic in the Ming Dynasty,in the development of the results have been the best argument.Therefore,the study of this paper not only has a better understanding of Matteo Ricci’s view of the three religions,but also has a paradigm and reference significance for the study of the localization of foreign religions,but also has some inspiration for the cultural exchange between China and the West.