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从生态批评视角解读迈克尔·庞克的《荒野猎人》
An Interpretation of Michael Punke’s the Revenant from the Perspective of Ecocriticism
【作者】 刘娜；
【导师】 白凤欣；
【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2018， 硕士
【摘要】 迈克尔·庞克于2002年出版了他的第一部小说《荒野猎人》。该作品自2015年被著名导演亚历桑德罗·冈萨雷斯·伊纳里多改编为同名电影后引起了读者和批评家的关注。它讲述了19世纪前期美国内陆毛皮贸易时代一桩真实发生的传奇故事。遭熊攻击身受重伤的猎人休·格拉斯被队友无情抛弃,后其依靠强大求生意志与丰富的野外生存技能幸存下来,并展开史诗般的复仇行动。庞克在该小说中反思并重新界定了人与自然的关系。生态批评是在生态整体主义思想指导下探讨人与自然、文学与自然环境之关系的文学批评。它不仅要揭示文学作品所反映出来的生态危机之思想文化根源,也要探索文学的生态审美及其艺术表现,从而促使人们形成并强化生态意识,推动生态文明建设。生态批评包含三大基本理论:奥尔多·利奥波德的土地伦理学、阿伦·奈斯的深层生态学和帕特里克·墨菲的生态女性主义。土地伦理思想谴责人类中心主义,提出了土地共同体概念并把伦理范畴扩展到人与土地的关系,其倡导的生态整体思想为生态主义的核心观念奠定了基础;深层生态学的“格式塔本体论”强调事物之间的内在联系,倡导生态中心主义平等,主张人类通过“自我实现”来达成人与自然的和谐;生态女性主义则将反对人类中心的思想扩大到反对男性中心的思想,从性别的角度切入生态问题,认为人统治自然的思想来自人统治人的思想。本论文主要分为三大部分:第一部分为引言,详细介绍了迈克尔·庞克及其作品,相关的生态批评理论,尤其是阿伦·奈斯的深层生态学理论,以及国内外研究现状。第二部分为论文主体,主要分三章展开。第一章探究欧洲移民与西部荒野自然之间存在的不和谐关系。本章深入地探析消费主义思想对荒野的入侵,在利益的驱使下白人渴望征服西部荒野,并对印第安人和大自然进行残酷的掠夺和杀戮;第二章探讨该小说体现出的对生态中心平等主义原则的背离。本章主要分析白人和印第安人之间、白人和印第安人内部,以及人类和非人类之间的冲突,并找出冲突的根源及对现代文明的反思;第三章深入研究在自然中人类自我实现的达成。本章主要从对敌人的宽恕、承认自然万物的内在价值以及与自然融为一体等角度展开。第三部分为结论。庞克在该作品中对神性自然进行了赞颂,对人类中心主义进行了批判,同时对人与自然、人与人、人与社会之间的和谐未来满怀乐观的信念和美好的憧憬。
【Abstract】 Michael Punke published his first novel The Revenant in 2002.This novel has drawn wide attention since it was adapted into film for the same name in 2015,directed by Alejandro González I?árritu.It is a thrilling tale of betrayal and revenge set against the 19~thh century American frontier when the fur trade boomed.Attacked by grizzly,the hunter Hugh Glass was injured seriously and abandoned by companions.Fortunately,relying on the strong desire to survive and the rich field survival skills,he revived and launched an epic vengeance.Punke reflects and redefines the relationship between human and nature in this novel.Eco-criticism is a kind of literary criticism to explore the relationships between human and nature,literature and nature under the guidance of ecological holism.It aims to reveal the ideological and cultural root of ecological crisis,and explore the unique ecological aesthesis of literature,in order to encourage people to form and strengthen the ecological consciousness,and to promote the construction of ecological civilization.Eco-criticism consists of three basic theories:land ethics of Aldo Leopold,deep ecology of Arne Naess,and eco-feminism of Patrick D.Murphy.Land ethics denounces the anthropocentrism,puts forward the concept of land community,and extends the ethics category to the relationship between human and land.Its ecological holism has paved the way for the core idea of eco-criticism;“Gestalt ontology”of deep ecology emphasizes the internal relationship between things,advocates bio-centric Egalitarianism and achieving the harmony between human and nature through human’s“Self-realization”;andeco-feminismstretchestheextentofcriticismfrom anti-anthropocentrism to anti-androcentrism,explores ecological problems from the perspective of gender,and believes that the thought of human’s domination over nature derives from the thought of male’s domination over female.The thesis consists of three parts.The first part introduces the background information of Michael Punke and his works,especially The Revenant,related theories of eco-criticism,especially the theory of deep ecology of Arne Naess,literature review of The Revenant’s study and the layout of the thesis.The second part of the thesis,the main body,is divided into three chapters.Chapter One explores the disharmonious relationship between European immigrants and nature in the western United States.With the invasion of consumerism,the Whites desire to conquer the wilderness driven by commercial benefit.Chapter Two discusses the violation of bio-centric egalitarianism in nature that the novel embodies.This chapter focuses on the strives between different human races,the conflicts within the same human races,and non-human races’being killed by human races,then figures out the root of conflicts and reflects on modern civilization.Chapter Three analyzes the achievement of men’s Self-realization from nature.This chapter mainly focuses on the forgiveness of foes,the recognition of living being’s intrinsic value,and the integration with wilderness.The last part is a conclusion.In The Revenant,Punke praises for the divine nature,criticizes the anthropocentrism,and dreams full of optimistic beliefs and good future about the harmonious relationships between man and nature,man and man,man and society.