【作者】 张力；

【导师】 叶世清； 徐兴旺；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 企业法（专业学位）， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 法律制度和法律规则往往具有一定的滞后性,无法及时作出调整适应经济社会发展的客观需要。针对数家关联企业作为一个整体同时退出市场,国内尚无明确的法律适用规则,但出于高效率解决债权债务纠纷的考虑,部分法院认为有必要对数家关联企业实施合并破产清算。关联企业实质合并破产最初起源于美国破产法,主要是指在关联企业破产的时候涤除关联企业之间的债权债务关系直接对外部债权人进行清偿。由于目前我国缺乏相关法律法规,在处理关联企业破产时,法院面临关联企业实质合并破产申请人不确定、实质合并破产的决定主体不一致、实质合并破产的适用条件不统一等问题。基于此,本文通过对具体案例的分析,以及对类似案例的研究,分析我国司法实务中关于实质合并规则的适用情况,并研究相关理论。本文除引言以外,主要由以下四部分组成:第一部分:案情介绍以及争议焦点。通过梳理案情,归纳出本案主要争议焦点:关联企业合并破产的适用条件中是否要求分开清算时损害到债权人的利益才适用实质合并;关联企业合并破产是由谁申请,是债权人、债务人还是破产管理人;关联企业合并破产的适用是由法院决定还是通过其他方式决定。第二部分:关联企业实质合并的适用条件。就本案而言,关于关联企业合并破产的适用条件存在两种不同的看法:一方面,债权人认为,只有在分开清算损害了债权人利益的前提下才能适用实质合并规则;另一方面,法院认为,只要关联企业之间存在人格混同,就可以进行实质合并破产。通过对相关理论进行分析,本文认为目前我国法院对于关联企业实质合并破产的适用条件基本采用的是人格混同标准,即不要求关联企业分开清算损害债权人的利益。但是,美国更倾向于要求衡量强制分开清算是否损害债权人的利益。根据我国的现实情况,是否分开清算损害债权人利益在举证环节具有一定的难度,所以,法官在处理具体的案例的时候,通常是根据案件事实进行自由裁量,此举更适合我国目前的关联企业破产情况。第三部分:关联企业实质合并的申请与决定。学界主要认为,实质合并的适格申请人包括债权人、债务人和破产管理人。通过比较债权人、债务人和破产管理人,可以察觉在实质合并程序中,选择适用破产管理人作为申请人更具有合理性。因此,本文主要针对破产管理人的法律地位深入分析,并与债权人和债务人申请进行比较,进而突出破产管理人的优势。另一方面,对于实质合并程序的决定,实践中通常是采用听证、债权人会议以及法院决定这三种程序中的一种来决定是否进行实质合并程序。通过比较这三种制度在关联企业破产中适用的情况来看,法院在掌握案情上具有信息优势,有鉴于此,我国目前更适合将法院作为实质合并程序的决定主体。第四部分:本案判决及启示。本案二审法院认为只要关联企业之间存在人格混同的情况下就可以适用实质合并,因此不支持上诉人对于要求分开清算损害债权人利益的条件。可以看出,我国在关联企业实质合并破产的适用条件上,采用的是法人人格混同标准,而对于是否分开清算损害债权人的利益问题,则交由法官进行自由裁量;本案中,申请主体是债务人;而决定主体是法院。但是,我国目前对于关联企业实质合并破产在适用条件和适用规则上都存在不统一的情况。虽然人格否认制度的发展为实质合并破产提供了相关的参考标准,但是实质合并破产还是急需出台相关的法律法规及司法解释,亦或是通过指导案例的形式统一标准。以便满足我国现阶段经济发展中关联企业退出市场的需要。更多还原

【Abstract】 The legal system and rules may not keep up with the pace of economic and social development.For example,one affiliate enterprise faces problems when exiting the market because of insufficient legal support.But in order to efficiently solve the creditor’s rights disputes.It is necessary to use substantive consolidation to solve the bankruptcy of affiliated enterprises.Substantive consolidation is a procedure derived from American bankruptcy law,in which the assets of individual members of a corporate group are pooled so that claims of third-party creditors may satisfied during bankruptcy proceeding.At the stage there is no provision concerning substantive consolidation in legal regulations in China.However,in our judicial practice,many courts have already applied this principle in certain special bankruptcy cases.But our country still presents a number of problems,such as no clarity in candidacy,no uniform in consolidation principle,variety of bankruptcy reasons,etc.Therefore,the article analyzes the real world application of the substantial consolidation principle and related theories by case study.Except for introduction,the article consists of the following four parts:1.Case introduction and focus of debate.Based on research,key focuses of debate are whether the applicable conditions of affiliated enterprises bankruptcy liquidation and require separate damage to the interests of creditors;affiliated enterprises’ bankruptcy is applied by the creditor or the debtor or by the bankruptcy administrator;affiliated enterprises’ bankruptcy is determined by a court decision or by other means.2.The applicable conditions of the substantive merger of affiliated enterprises.In this case,there are two different views about the applicable conditions of affiliated enterprise bankruptcy.Creditors believe that should prerequisite to damage the interests of creditors under the applicable requirements of the substantive consolidation rule.On the other hand,the court held that the personality mixed with bankruptcy substantive consolidation can be achieved between related enterprises.This paper carries on the analysis to the related theory,that the court of our country hold the opinion that the applicable conditions of the affiliated enterprise bankruptcy substantive consolidation mainly adopt the personality confusion standard,which does not require separate liquidation related enterprises to harm the interests of creditors.The United States now calls for a measure of whether the mandatory separation of liquidation damages the interests of creditors.According to the present situation of our country,whether separate liquidation damages the interests of creditors with a certain degree of difficulty in the proof.Judge can dealing with specific cases according to the facts of the case.It’s more suitable for China’s current situation of affiliated enterprise bankruptcy.3.The application and decision of the substantive consolidation.There are mainly creditors,debtors and bankruptcy administrators in the academic circles about the applicant.Through the comparison of the creditor and debtor and bankruptcy administrator,the bankruptcy administrator has advantages in affiliated enterprises’ bankruptcy.On the other hand,in the process of substantive consolidation.It is usually used to decide whether or not to proceed with the substantive procedures by using the hearing,the creditors’ meeting and the court’s decision of the three procedures.Through the analysis and comparison of the three systems in the affiliated enterprise bankruptcy application,the court has the information superiority in the master case.In our country it is more suitable for the court as the main decision of substantive consolidation program.4.The judgment of the case and its enlightenment.The case does not support the appellant’s grounds for appeal.It can be seen that China adopted in the applicable conditions of affiliated enterprise bankruptcy substantive consolidation on the legal personality confusion standard,and for the interests of creditors of the liquidated damages are separated by judges discretion.The application on the main body of this case is the debtor application.When deciding on the subject is the court decision.However,there is no unified situation in the applicable conditions and applicable rules for the merger and bankruptcy of affiliated enterprises.Although the personality system for the development of bankruptcy substantive consolidation provides relevant reference.But substantive consolidation bankruptcy is in urgent need of the introduction of relevant laws and regulations and judicial interpretations or by guiding case in the form of a unified standard.In order to better meet the related enterprises at the present stage of economic development under the market exit procedures.更多还原