不同社会退缩儿童人际问题解决策略差异的分析

【作者】 刘超；

【导师】 李燕；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 学前教育学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 人际互动对个体的身心发展具有重要的意义,但是,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童回避人际互动,这可能影响他们的人际问题解决能力进而导致其同伴关系问题,如同伴排斥、同伴欺负等。因此,人际问题解决能力对害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童的发展意义重大。一般而言,人际问题发生的情境包括发起交往情境,维持交往情境和解决冲突情境。目前研究者较多关注在解决冲突情境中,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童的人际问题解决策略,但是这种单一情境很难代表儿童互动的全部,而且也有研究表明,害羞儿童在发起和维持积极的同伴关系上有困难。因此,本研究将探究三类社会退缩儿童在面临不同人际问题情境时人际问题解决策略的差异,分析在三类问题情境中,他们人际问题解决策略的数量、类型、有效性、适当性及原因方面的特点与差异,这将使研究者能更加准确的把握害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童的人际问题,从而为支持他们的发展提供理论支撑。本研究采用访谈法对306名儿童的人际问题解决策略进行了调查,结果发现:(1)害羞儿童、社交淡漠儿童和非社会退缩儿童在人际问题解决策略的数量上没有差异;(2)在策略的类型上,三类儿童所使用的主要策略没有差异:在发起交往和维持交往情境中,三类儿童使用最多的都是言语策略,在解决冲突情境中,三类儿童使用最多的都是亲社会策略。在个别策略上,三类儿童表现出差异:在发起交往情境中,社交淡漠儿童比害羞儿童和非社会退缩儿童更多的使用“等待或放弃”策略;在维持交往情境中,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童比非社会退缩儿童更多的使用“等待或放弃”策略;在解决冲突情境中,三类儿童在所有策略上都不存在显著差异;(3)在策略的有效性上,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童的得分显著低于非社会退缩儿童;(4)就策略的适当性而言,在发起交往情境中,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童的得分显著低于非社会退缩儿童;在维持交往情境中,社交淡漠儿童的得分显著低于害羞儿童和非社会退缩儿童;在解决冲突情境中,三类儿童之间没有显著差异;(5)就策略的原因而言,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童更多的使用“考虑自我”的原因,此外,社交淡漠儿童也比非社会退缩儿童更少的使用“道德规则”的原因。总之,害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童在面临人际问题情境时其人际问题解决策略的有效性较差;他们在应对发起交往和维持交往的问题时存在困难。作者对三类社会退缩儿童人际问题解决能力的差异进行了讨论,并对改善害羞儿童和社交淡漠儿童人际问题解决策略的方法进行了讨论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Interpersonal interaction is of great importance for individual’s physical and psychological growth,but,shy children and unsociable children remove themselves from opportunities for social interactions which may lead to peer problem(e.g.,peer exclusion,victimization).Therefore,how to solve interpersonal problems is of great significance for shy children and unsociable children.In general,interpersonal problem situations include peer initiation,maintaining social relationships,and resolution of conflict.So far,some researchers have studied the interpersonal problem solving strategies of shy children and unsociable children in conflict situation,however this single situation is hardly to represent the whole interactive process.Furthermore,shy children have difficulty in creating and maintaining a healthy relationship.Therefore,the aim of this study is to explore the thoughts of three types of socially withdrawn children when they face different interpersonal problem situations,and compare the similarities and differences among them,which will enable researchers to grasp the characteristics of shy children and unsociable children more accurately,and provide theoretical support for its intervention.This study investigated 306 children’s interpersonal problem solving strategies in three types of interpersonal problem situations(peer initiation,maintaining social relationships,and resolution of conflict)through interview.Results show:(1)there is no difference in the number of interpersonal problem solving strategies among shy children,unsociable children and non-withdrawn children;(2)in terms of the type of strategies,these three types of children use language strategies most frequently in the situation of initiating and maintaining relationships,but in the situation of conflict,three children use prosocial strategies most frequently.In the situation of initiating relationships,unsociable children use more "wait or give up" strategies than shy children and non-withdrawn children.In the situation of maintaining relationships,shy children and unsociable children both use more "wait or give up" strategies than non-withdrawn children.In the situation of conflict,these three types of children show no significant difference;(3)shy children and unsociable children score lower than non-withdrawn children in the effectiveness of strategies;(4)when it comes to the adequacy of strategies,shy children and unsociable children both score lower than non-withdrawn children in the initiation situation,and unsociable children also score lower than shy children and non-withdrawn children in the maintainance situation,butthere is no significant difference among these three types of children in the conflict situation;(5)we also find shy children and unsociable children are more likely to use“think of oneself” to explain the reason why they used a certain strategy.Unsociable children also use “moral rule” lesser than non-withdrawn children.In a word,these results show shy children and unsociable children do exist some cognitive deviations when facing interpersonal problem situations.Besides that,for shy children and unsociable children,peer initiation and maintaining social relationships situations are particularly challenging.Based on the results,this study also provides some educational advises,hoping to help these two types of socially withdrawn children’s development.更多还原