【作者】 张烨；

【导师】 李加纳； 梁颖；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 甘蓝型油菜是重要的油料作物,营养价值丰富,是我国食用油的来源之一。由于食用油的进口依存率较大,油菜高产一直是重要的研究课题。云南临沧由于特殊的气候条件,油菜产量远远高于长江流域油菜主产区。目前的研究表明,收获指数可能是制约油菜高产的一个重要因素之一。因此本研究以重庆云南极端收获指数油菜为材料,分析它们在光合产物储存与运输方面的差异,以期阐述云南高产原因和重庆和云南高收获指数油菜的生理特征。本研究所用的2014年材料为从来自全国各地的321份材料中选取花期两地生长正常、整齐,生育期相近的38份材料,2015年材料为321份中收获指数差异明显的55份材料。两地同生育期取样测定各主要器官光合产物(蔗糖和淀粉)、细胞结构和光合产物合成与分解相关的酶活性。主要研究结果如下:从2015的55份和2014年的38份油菜实验中得到:(1)云南油菜花期各部位蔗糖含量高于重庆,为后期植物生长提供充足的营养物质,青荚期两地油菜各部位蔗糖含量差异不显著,收获期由于较多的分枝数和分枝角果数使得主序的茎秆、角果(包括皮和籽粒)蔗糖含量低于云南;青荚期、收获期角果皮和籽粒的淀粉含量分别降低,表明一部分淀粉被分解为蔗糖,供籽粒生长或向其他存储形式转变;青荚期角果柄韧皮部相对面积高于重庆,有利于光合产物的运输;叶片和角果皮的蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性较低,但酸性转化酶和淀粉酶活性极显著高于重庆,有利于蔗糖的合成;上述这些特点都为籽粒充分生长提供了充足的营养物质,使云南油菜达到超高产。(2)品种和生长环境对油菜各部位蔗糖、淀粉含量影响很大,对于含油量影响较小。(3)籽粒的蔗糖、淀粉含量和含油量呈反比,角果皮中除淀粉酶外,其他三种酶的活性都比叶片高,这说明了角果皮合成光合产物能力比叶片强,是油菜产量形成的主要光合器官。两年两地极端收获指数油菜实验得到:(1)两地极端收获指数油菜各部位的蔗糖含量和籽粒含油量变化相同,茎秆和角果皮的蔗糖含量逐渐降低,籽粒蔗糖含量、含油量逐渐增加;两地极端收获指数油菜淀粉含量变化不同,重庆油菜茎秆淀粉含量先升后降,云南逐渐降低,重庆油菜角果皮和籽粒的淀粉含量重逐渐增加,云南相反。(2)与收获指数的相关分析得到:重庆低收获指数油菜和云南高收获指数油菜各时期、部位的蔗糖含量与收获指数的相关方向上一致,重庆高收获指数油菜与云南低收获指数油菜与收获指数相关方向上一致,相关程度均不同,具体原因尚不清楚。两年淀粉的相关分析得到两地高收获指数油菜各部位淀粉含量与收获指数的相关性方向上基本一致,低收获指数无明显规律。(3)云南极端收获指数油菜的角果柄韧皮部相对面积,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、酸性转化酶活性和淀粉酶活性较重庆高,这与总体均值的表现相同,蔗糖合成酶活性表现与均值不同,这是由于重庆高收获指数油菜角果皮的含量较高拉高了重庆油菜角果蔗糖合成酶活性的均值。云南高收获指数油菜具有以下特点:(1)云南高收获指数油菜花期和青荚期叶片蔗糖含量较高,叶片合成蔗糖的能力较强。(2)青荚期各部位淀粉含量较低有利于碳素向蔗糖转化,从而为植株生长提供充足的营养物质。(3)籽粒含油量差异不明显,青荚期角果柄韧皮部相对面积较高,有利于光合产物运输;(4)光合器官叶片和角果皮中的酸性转化酶活性较高,有利于蔗糖积累,淀粉酶活性较低,这可能与淀粉含量较低有关;叶片中较高的蔗糖含量可能抑制了蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;角果皮中较低的蔗糖含量可能是蔗糖合成酶活性较高的原因。重庆高收获指数油菜具有以下特点:(1)重庆高收获指数油菜花期和青荚期叶片蔗糖含量高于低收获指数油菜,青荚期角果皮蔗糖含量较低。(2)青荚期籽粒含油量较高,收获期差异不明显;(3)高收获指数油菜角果柄韧皮部相对面积较低,不利于光合产物运输。(4)光合器官叶片和角果皮的蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、酸性转化酶活性较高,叶片淀粉酶活性较低,但角果皮淀粉酶活性较高,有利于淀粉降解为蔗糖,为籽粒运输营养物质。更多还原

【Abstract】 Brassica napus L.is not only one of the most important oil crops,with rich nutrition,but is an source to edible oil.Because of the great import of edible oil dependency rate,high yield has been an important research topic in B.napus. Due to the special climatic conditions, the yield in Lin Cang(Yunnan province) is much higher than that in Yangtze River area. The present study showed harvest index might be one of the important factors restricting the high yield in B.napus, so we determined sucrose and starch contents, cell structure, activities of enzymes related photosynthetic product synthesis and decomposition of some materials to compare the differences of harvest index between Chongqing and Yunnan in the same year, to explain the reason of high yield in Yunnan and to describe the features of harvest index in both Chongqing and Yunnan.The research materials in 2014 were 38 lines with normal appearance and similar growth period from 321 experimental materials which came from all aroud china and the research materials in 2015 were 55 lines of 321 experimental materials which had significant difference in harvest index.The main conclusions are as follows:Here were some conclusions from the 55 types of B.napus in 2015 and 38 types of B.napus in 2014:(1)Sucrose content of B.napus in Yunnan was higher than Chongqing during the flowering period.It can provide adequate nutrients for plant growth in the late stage. The difference of sucrose content in different parts of B.napus in two places during helwingia period was not significant. The large number of branches and siliques caused lower sucrose content of stem and pod(including skin and seed) of the main sequence than Yunnan during harvest period.The decline of starch content from helwingia period to harvest period indicated that some of the starch was divided into sucrose for grain growth or to contribute to other forms of storage change. Pod stalk phloem relative area were higher than Chongqing during helwingia period, which is conducive to the transport of photosynthate.The sucrose synthetase(SS)and sucrose phosphate synthetase(SPS) in leaves and pod skin of B.napus in Yunnan was significantly lower than that in Chongqing. However, the acid invertase activity in leaves and horns was significantly higher than that in Chongqing, which is beneficial to the synthesis of sucrose.These characteristics are beneficial to the synthesis of sucrose and provide sufficient nutrients for the growth of grain, which also caused the super high yield in Yunnan.(2): Variety and growth environment had great influence on sucrose and starch content in different parts of B.napus, and had little influence on the oil content.(3)The content of sucrose and starch in seed was in inverse proportion with oil content.The activity of the other three enzymes in the pod skin was higher than that of the leaves, which showed that the photosynthetic capacity of pod skin was stronger than that in the leaves. The pod skin is the main photosynthetic organs of B.napus production.From two years and two places experiments of extreme harvest index B.napus we can know(1) the sucrose content and oil content in different parts of extreme harvest index B.napus of two places were the same. The sucrose content in stem and pod decreased gradually. The sucrose content and oil content increased gradually. The changes of starch content in B.napus were different in two places. Stem starch content in Chongqing increased firstly and then decreased and that in Yunnan decreased gradually. The starch content of B.napus pod skin and grain increased gradually in Chongqing, Yunnan was the opposite.(2)From the correlation analysis of harvest index we can know: The content of sucrose in different stages and parts of Chongqing low harvest index B.napus and Yunnan high harvest index B.napus were in the same direction as the harvest index. Chongqing high harvest index B.napus was consistent with the harvest index of Yunnan low harvest index B.napus. The degree of correlation was different, the specific reason is not clear. Correlation analysis of starch for two years obtained that the correlations of starch content and harvest index were basically the same in all parts of the high harvest index of B.napus, and the low harvest index B.napus had no obvious rules.(3) The relative area of Yunnan extreme harvest index B.napus pod stalk phloem, the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, acid invertase activity and amylase activity were higher than those of Chongqing. This was the same as the overall mean, and the activity of sucrose synthase was different from that of the average.This is due to the higher contents of Chongqing high harvest index B.napus pod skin which raised the mean Chongqing B.napus pod activity of sucrose synthase(SS).Yunnan high harvest index B.napus had the following characteristics(1) During flowering and helwingia period, the leaf sucrose content of high harvest index B.napus was higher.The leaves’ ability to synthesize sucrose was stronger.(2) The lower starch content of each part during the helwingia period was beneficial to the transformation of carbon to sucrose, so as to provide sufficient nutrients for plant growth.(3) The difference of grain oil content was not obvious. Pod staik phloem relative area was high in the Helwingia period, which is conducive to the transport of Photosynthate.(4) The acid invertase activity was higher in the photosynthetic organs: leaves and the pod skin, which is conducive to the accumulation of sucrose. The amylase activity was lower, which may be related to the low starch content. The higher sucrose content in leaves may inhibit the activity of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase. The lower sucrose content in the pod skin may be the reason for the high activity of sucrose synthase. Chongqing high harvest index B.napus had the following characteristics(1) The sucrose content in leaves of high harvest index B.napus was higher than that of low harvest index B.napus in Chongqing during the flowering and helwingia period.Sucrose content was low in pod skin during the helwingia period.(2)Seed oil content in the helwingia period was higher.During the harvest period,the difference was not obvious.(3)The pod stalk phloem relative area of high harvest index was lower, which is not conducive to the transport of photosynthate.(4) The activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase were higher in photosynthetic organ: leaves and pod skin. Amylase activity was lower in the leaf, but the amylase activity in pod skin was higher, which is conducive to the degradation of starch sucrose for grain transport nutrients.更多还原