【作者】 刘洁；

【导师】 李莹；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 基础心理学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 否定是任何语言中都包含的一种成分,表示说话者所描述的情境与实际情境不同甚至相反。研究者们对否定的心理加工机制进行的研究主要集中于两个方面:一个是研究否定句的整体效应,另一个则研究否定句的局部效应。并在不断的研究中总结出各种解释否定句的心理加工过程的理论。其中最具代表性的是命题表征理论以及知觉符号理论背景下提出的语言理解的经验模拟观。根据语言理解的经验模拟观,B.Kaup等提出了两阶段模拟假说,即否定句的心理加工过程包括两个阶段:否定句加工早期,句子的被否定状态首先被模拟;否定句加工晚期,句子的被否定状态被抑制,实际状态被模拟。当前研究使用ERP技术,采用句子/图片判断实验范式,以状态确定的具体否定句和其对应的肯定句为实验材料,以图片判断引发的N300/早期N400波幅(250-400ms)、N400波幅(400-550ms)以及句子/图片判断的正确率和反应时为因变量指标,探讨状态确定具体否定句的心理加工过程和时间阶段,并验证状态确定具体否定句的心理加工是否符合两阶段模拟假说。研究分为两个实验:实验一考察句图短时间间隔(250ms,即加工早期)条件下否定意义的心理加工过程。结果发现:(1)行为学结果:被试对肯定句匹配条件和图片描绘的与否定句表达的意义不匹配时图片判断的反应时显著小于对肯定句不匹配条件和图片描绘的与否定句表达的意义匹配时图片判断的反应时,且被试对肯定句判断的正确率显著大于对否定句判断的正确率;(2)ERP结果:图片描绘的与肯定句表达的意义不匹配时图片引发的N300、N400波幅均显著大于图片描绘的与肯定句表达的意义匹配时的N300、N400波幅;而在否定句中则出现了相反的情况,即图片描绘的与否定句表达的意义匹配时的N300、N400波幅显著大于图片描绘的与否定句表达的意义不匹配时的N300、N400波幅。表明状态确定具体否定句的加工早期阶段时,句子的被否定状态首先在被试头脑中得到模拟。实验二考察句图长时间间隔(1500ms,即加工晚期)条件下否定意义的心理加工过程。结果发现:(1)行为学结果:无论是肯定句还是否定句,匹配条件下读者对探测图片的反应时显著小于不匹配条件下对图片的反应时,且被试对肯定句判断的正确率显著大于对否定句判断的正确率;(2)ERP结果发现:无论肯定句还是否定句,匹配条件下图片引发的N300、N400波幅显著大于匹配条件下的N300、N400波幅。表明状态确定具体否定句的加工晚期阶段时,句子的被否定状态被抑制,而句子所描述的实际状态得到表征。综合两个实验结果,研究得出以下结论:(1)状态确定具体否定句加工早期,句子的被否定状态首先被模拟;(2)状态确定具体否定句的加工晚期,句子的被否定状态被抑制,实际状态被模拟;(3)状态确定具体否定句的理解符合两阶段模拟假说有关否定句心理加工的理论假设。更多还原

【Abstract】 Negation is contained in any language,different and even opposite scenario represents the actual situations described speaker.Study researchers working on the processing of negative focused on two aspects:one is the study of negative overall effect,another is the negation of partial effect.And summed up a variety of theorise to explain the processing of negative in constant studise.The most representative theorise is propositional theory and experiential-simulations view under perceptual symbols system.According to experiential-simulations view,B.Kaup came up with the two-step simulation hypothesis,that is negative sentences psychological process consists of two phases:negated state of the sentence is simulated first in early processing stage;the negated state of the sentence is suppressed,the actual state is simulated in later processing stage.The current study used ERP technology,using sentence-picture verification paradigm,and concrete negative sentences with certain states and their corresponding affirmative sentence as experimental material.Response time/accuracy and event-related potentials include N300 amplitudes(early N400 amplitudes,250-400 ms time window) and N400 amplitudes(400-550 ms time window) were measured during reading and verification.To explore the processing of concrete negative sentences with certain states and its time periods.And verify the status process to identify concrete negative sentences with certain states is consistent with the two-step analog Hypothesis.Research is divided into two experiments:experiment 1 discussed the processing of concrete negative sentences with certain states when the delay of picture presentation was short(250ms,early processing stage).The results showed that:(1) behavior results:the response time is significantly less for affirmative sentences and matching condition than negative sentences and mismatching condition,and the accuracy is significantly more for affirmative sentences and matching condition than negative sentences and mismatching condition;(2) ERP results:N300 amplitudes and N400 amplitudes are significantly larger for false affirmative sentences than true affirmative sentences;the opposite case appeared innegative sentences,N300 amplitudes and N400 amplitudes are significantly larger for true negative sentences than false negative sentences.Determining in early processing stage of concrete negative sentences with certain states,the denied state of sentence was first simulated in the minds of participants.Experiment 2 discussed the processing of concrete negative sentences with certain states when the delay of picture presentation was long(1500ms,later processing stage).The results showed that:(1) behavior results:the result is the same as experiment 1;(2) ERP results:N300amplitudes and N400 amplitudes are significantly larger for false condition than true condition no matter in affirmative sentences or negative sentences.Determining in later processing stage of concrete negative sentences with certain states,the negated state of sentence is suppressed, and the actual status described sentences been characterized.Comprehensive results of two experiments,inferred the following conclusions:(1)in early processing stage of concrete negative sentences with certain states,the negated state of sentence is simulated firstly;(2)in later processing stage of concrete negative sentences with certain states,the negated state of sentence is suppressed, and the actual status described sentences been characterized;(3)the processing of concrete negative sentences with certain states is correspond with the two-step simulation hypothesis.更多还原