【作者】 张凯；

【导师】 葛颖恩；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 交通信息工程及控制， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 城市道路交通污染排放自20世纪90年代以来已成为破坏环境可持续性的重要因素,这种状况已开始严重危害(特别是城市)居民身体健康,成为交通规划与管理中不可忽略的要素。本文针对日益严重的城市交通污染排放,利用现有的交通分配模型,将环境因素纳入其中对城市路网交通污染排放量进行估算；同时,为减少交通排放和改善环境,对路网交通排放进行定价研究。本文提出三种交通排放估算及定价模型,其相同点为三种方法均基于静态交通分配,不同点在于它们的适用范围。方法一是在对现有文献中路网排放模型分析总结的基础上提出的,贡献在于把它们延伸用于交通污染排放定价。方法二是一个引入环境容忍限制的双层区域性排放评定模型,评定结果归结为污染指数。方法三为更贴近实际交通出行,将环境可持续性因素和交通排放定价融合构建新的双层估算模型。与前两种方法相比,方法三的最大优势在于此模型使交通排放估算与定价不再脱离,考虑了定价策略(模型中的一类决策变量)对交通状态的影响。数值实例验证了三种模型的实用性,能够有效分析路网交通排放量并给出公众负担最小的定价方案。研究表明,交通排放最优定价与出行选择行为假设及交通分配原则密切相关。典型估算模型计算机制是根据分配原则求出各路段交通量,进而利用交通排放估算模型算出排放量,最终定价方案则可以通过诱导交通实现既设目标。考虑容忍度的路网排放评定模型不仅可量化污染水平至污染指数、给出定价策略,而且可以方便确定路网中关键路段。将容忍度、路网排放、排放定价融合统一的模型中,以交通排放与出行者负担之和最小为定价目标,可理解为出行者健康成本与额外支出之和最小,与实际情况更为契合；时效最佳定价方案则意图找到路网整体排放污染状况得到最为显著改善的定价方案,其局部最优解不可随意舍弃,应根据实际情况合理选择定价方案。本文的问题来源于国内外讨论较多的交通拥挤定价和交通污染排放治理,这方面的研究对于解决我国城市交通问题具有理论和实践的双重参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban road transport emissions have become a dominant factor damaging environmental sustainability since the 1990s, as well as jeopardizing citizens’health. Nowadays, it has emerged to be a non-negligible factor in transportation planning and management. Mathemat-ical models incorporating environmental factors were proposed in this paper to estimate urban road transport emissions. Meanwhile, in order to reduce emissions and improve transportation environment, transport emissions pricing was also investigated.Three types of estimating and pricing models were proposed and discussed. The similar-ity among them is that they all were based on static traffic assignment whereas the difference was the scope of their respective applications. First, the macroscopic road network estimating models in the literature were analyzed, on the basis of which pricing scheme was extended to transport emissions. Then, a bi-level regional emission evaluation model considering envi-ronmental tolerance was formulated and a pollution index was defined and is the output of this bi-level model. Thirdly, to make it more practical, a new type of emission estimating bi-level model combined with environmental sustainability and pricing was formulated. Compared to the former two methods, the third one interpreted emission estimating and pric-ing as a whole, treated pricing as a set of decision variables and took into account its influence on the resulting traffic flow on each link. In the numerical examples all the three methods es-timated transport emissions effectively and produced least public-burden pricing schemes.This research shows that the optimal transport emission price is closely related to the as-sumption on travel choice behavior and selected objectives for emissions pricing. The overall idea of typical estimating models is that we use the static traffic assignment model to distrib-ute traffic volume into each link, then calculate emissions through emission estimation model, and finally guide traffic to achieve our desired objective(s) by means of the emissions pricing scheme. These road transport emission evaluation models considering environmental toler-ance not only quantify pollution level into a measurable index generating pricing strategy but also locate critical links conveniently. The model that merges multiple factors with an aim at minimizing emissions plus pricing costs to the public can be understood as a way to minimize the public health costs plus extra fees due to emissions, which is reasonable in reality, while the one on purpose of obtaining the most effective pricing scheme to improve network emis-sion situation should consider actual scenario and its local optimal solution should not be abandoned arbitrarily.This research is originated from the hot discussion over the decades internationally on traffic congestion pricing and reduction in transport emissions. Therefore, the efforts in this thesis may benefit transportation planning and management on road networks in our country.更多还原