【作者】 陈童；

【导师】 李友根；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 经济法学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 在市场经济日益发达的当今社会,经营者的经营方式具有多样性,有时会对消费者进行分类,并区别对待之。一些区别对待是正当并且被一般公众所接受的,另一些则是不正当并会对社会的和谐和经济秩序产生不良影响。消费领域的区别对待涉及到平等理念和公平的价值观念,宪法提倡的平等保护,也关乎消费者权益的保护和健康的市场经济秩序的形成,因此亟需立法司法和理论研究在此领域内有所突破,区分合理的区别对待行为和不适当的消费歧视,并对消费歧视进行适当的规制。本文从两个有所矛盾的案例引出问题,通过对消费歧视的类型化分析,以及对中国和域外立法例和司法实践的借鉴以及理论上的研究,分别从区别对待与歧视的理论解读,消费歧视的概念界定,反对消费歧视的理论,消费歧视的认定标准,消费歧视的例外情形等几个方面来对该问题进行解读,希望能够对消费歧视的研究和立法司法有所裨益。文章分为导论和六个部分。导论分为四个部分,第一部分问题的提出中从云南世博园区别收取入园费用案和“粗粮王”案这两个案例中法院的不同态度引出本文的研究主题,即消费歧视的认定问题。第二部分选题的意义中指出规制的前提是界定明晰,必须界定合理的区别对待行为和消费歧视的界限,后续的制裁和救济才有迹可循,然而有关的司法判例中问题的症结一般都在于对消费歧视的认定上,因而亟待解决。第三部分文献的梳理对现存文献进行梳理,发现有关消费歧视的专著和论文几乎没有,但仍然有一些与歧视相关的内容可以借鉴。第四部分思路的分析对文章的结构布局进行说明。第一部分歧视与区别对待的理论解读,由于歧视与区别对待息息相关,因而研究歧视要先对区别对待的概念、必要性和合理性进行分析,由此引出歧视的概念,并对两者关系进行解读,再从不同种类的歧视的概念中分析总结,得出消费歧视的定义。第二部分反对消费歧视的理论,研究消费歧视的认定问题暗含的前提就是消费歧视不适当,因此就要探究反对其的理论,研究为什么要反对消费歧视。笔者认为,反对消费歧视主要是基于对公序良俗的保护,最初契约自由原则可以维护至少是绝大多数人的利益,然而随着经济和社会的发展,优势群体可以利用自身优势选择交易的对象,左右契约内容,使契约自由成为优势群体单方的自由,造成了实质上的不公平,由此民法上的公序良俗原则应运而生,对契约自由进行限制,反对消费歧视的理论也在于此。第三部分消费歧视的类型化研究,通过对大量案例、事例的整理,对消费歧视进行三种不同的分类,分别是歧视和优惠、消费条件歧视和准入歧视以及根据歧视理由进行的户籍歧视、学历歧视和性别歧视的分类。第四部分消费歧视的认定标准通过对我国法律条文的整理和比较法的考察,总结出认定消费歧视的一般标准,主要涉及构成消费歧视的前提,消费歧视与经营者自主经营权的关系,合理性原则和比例原则的判定以及分类审查。第五部分消费歧视的例外情形中主要研究了反向歧视问题,通过对有关域外法和国际条约有关歧视的例外情形的规定中可以看出,反向歧视是最主要的例外情形,在认定消费歧视的过程中,当经营者给予少数群体、处于弱势地位的群体以一定的价格优惠或者服务上的优待时,不应该被视为消费歧视。此外,本文还对其他四种例外情形进行了简要的说明第六部分结论对文章内容进行小结,并指出消费歧视的认定,究其根本是一个具体问题具体分析的个案认定问题,本文中的提到的关于认定消费歧视的论证并不能取代司法的自由裁量,只是提供一种思路和指引。更多还原

【Abstract】 In a modern society where market economy has become increasingly advanced, multifarious operation models have been adopted by entrepreneurs who sometimes would extend different treatment to consumers through their classification. Some discriminations are proper and accepted by the general public yet some are improper and have an adverse impact on social harmony and economic order. The discrimination in the consumption field not only involves the ideas of equality and justice as well as equal protection promoted by constitution, but also regards to the protection of consumers’ rights and interests and the formation of a healthy market economic order. Hence, legislative and judicial practice with theoretical research breakthrough is badly in need in this area to distinguish proper discrimination from improper ones and pledge appropriate regulation upon them. This thesis derives dilemma from two contradictory cases, and through classifying the types of consumer’s discrimination and drawing practice from legislative and judicial materials in china and other countries and theoretical research to analyses it from the following aspects:the theory of discrimination, the definition of consumer’s discrimination, the theory to oppose consumer’s discrimination, the criteria for determining the consumer’s discrimination and the exception of consumer’s discrimination, with the hope to have certain contributions to the research on it as well as on legislation and judiciaryThis thesis consists of the introduction and six chapters. The introduction is divided into four parts. The first part leads to the topic of this thesis which is the definition of consumer’s discrimination from different attitudes of the court towards the two cases: the case of Yunnan Expo Park’s difference charge on entry fee and the case of "King of Coarse Grains". The second part, the significance of this topic point out that the premise of regulation is clear definition on the reasonable treatment and the boundaries of consumers discrimination, then the following sanctions and remedies could have standards, however, the crux of problems in the relevant judicial precedents generally lies in the determination of the consumer’s discrimination, which are really urgent to find solution. The third part found nearly no monographs and theses on the consumer’s discrimination through combing of the current documents, but still have some related contents can be use. The fourth part is the description of the structure of layout of this article.The first chapter is emphasis on the theatrical analyses of the conception of discrimination. Due to the close relationship between proper and improper discrimination, to research discrimination must conduct analyses on its conception, necessity and rationality at first, bring about conception of discrimination and followed by description on their relation, then draw conclusion from the summaries of characters among different concepts of discrimination.The second chapter is on theories against consumer discrimination. The implied premise problem in research consumer discrimination is that it is not suitable, therefore, is to explore the theory of its opposition, and the reason. The author thinks that to against the consumer’s discrimination is mainly aims at protect the public order and good customs. The original principle of freedom by contract can maintain at least the vast majority’s interests, however, with the development of economy and society, the advantaged groups can select trading objects by using their own advantages, control the contract contents, alter the freedom of contract to the dominant group’s unilateral freedom, which virtually caused the unfairness, thus the principle of public order and good custom in the civil law emerges as time’s require to limit the contract freedom, in which the theories against consumer discrimination also lies.Research on types of consumer’s discrimination is put in the third part. Through assorting a large number of cases, and events, three different classification of consumer’s discrimination have been conducted, respectively is the discrimination and preferential, discrimination on consumption conditions and in access and classification based on household discrimination, education background discrimination and gender discriminationThe fourth chapter, the definition standard of consumer’s discrimination, summed up the general standard to decide consumer discrimination by sorting and comparing China’s legal provisions, which mainly relates to the premise of consumer discrimination, the relationship between consumption discrimination and autonomy of entrepreneurs, the judgment of the principle of rationality and the principle of proportionality and classification review.The fifth chapter is of the consumer discrimination exceptions, mainly studied on the reverse discrimination problems and it can be seen from the provisions of the relevant extraterritorial laws and international treaties on exceptions of discrimination. In the course of giving determination of consumer discrimination, operators give vulnerable groups a certain preferential price or service should not be regarded as consumer discrimination. In addition, this thesis also makes a brief description on the other four kinds of exceptionsThe sixth chapter, the conclusion, is a summary of the contents of this article, and points out that the definition of consumer discrimination is a specific individual case seeking specific analysis. The consumer discrimination argument mentioned in this thesis cannot replace the discretionary justice, and only to provide some guidelines.更多还原