【作者】 王宇；

【导师】 张绍铃；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 园艺， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 梨是自花授粉不结实果树,如自花授粉则结实率低,品质差。梨园必须合理配置授粉品种,在花期根据实际情况选择适合有效的人工辅助授粉技术人工辅助授粉,才能确保丰产稳产和果实优质美观。在梨园中有足够的授粉树种时,靠蝴蝶、蜜蜂等昆虫自然授粉,也能确保梨的品质和产量。但在花期若遇低温、多雨或大风天气不能自然传粉时,会造成梨树授粉困难,影响当年的产量和品质。当前生产上常采用的辅助授粉方法有人工点粉、器械喷粉、液体授粉、放置蜜蜂授粉等方法。为探索不同授粉方式对梨果实发育及品质的影响,进行有关授粉试验,以期为建立简便、实用的人工辅助授粉技术体系提供借鉴。取得的主要研究结果如下：1、通过试验室中液体配方的优化实验筛选出花粉萌发率高的营养液和田间实验调查坐果率和脱萼率后得到优化后的适合新疆地区香梨液体授粉的营养液配方为：黄原胶：0.04%、萝卜糖：17%、果蔬钙：0.03%、硼酸：0.01%、PBO：300倍液、花粉：0.8 g·L-1。2、以自然授粉作为对照,采用蜜蜂授粉方式处理6个品种梨树,通过比较梨坐果率和果实品质的差异,研究蜜蜂为梨树授粉的效果。结果表明：蜜蜂授粉能显著提高梨果实坐果率。果实单果重、果实纵横径、果实体积经蜜蜂授粉后均有所提高,大部分表现显著,果形整齐。蜜蜂授粉在梨果实的硬度、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量等方面与自然授粉差异不显著,但蜜蜂授粉下梨果实石细胞含量、可溶性总糖和总酚含量显著高于自然授粉。3、以人工授粉作为对照,采用12个不同的放蜂量的蜜蜂授粉方式对‘库尔勒香梨’授粉。通过比较不同放蜂量蜜蜂授粉方式下梨的坐果率和统计梨花柱头上的花粉量,研究蜜蜂授粉的效果。结果表明：摆放4群蜜蜂/公公顷效果最好,坐果率最高、花柱头上的花粉量最多；摆放6群蜜蜂/公顷的效果较差,坐果率较低,花柱头上花粉量最少；喷施花糖浆诱导处理的坐果率高于未喷施的处理,花柱头上花粉量也相对较高；坐果率较高的处理,柱头上的花粉量大体上也相对较高。人工授粉下坐果率虽高,但花柱头上花粉量较蜜蜂授粉的少。授粉效果最好的处理为：4群蜜蜂/公公顷(2群／组,分散摆放,梨花糖浆诱导)。4、以‘库尔勒香梨’、‘圆黄’、‘丰水’为试材,利用人工点粉、干粉喷粉和液体授粉三种人工辅助授粉方式,研究授粉中不同花粉浓度、密度对梨果实坐果、留果、脱萼的影响；同时对‘圆黄’、‘丰水’田间授粉用工情况及果实品质做了调查和试验。结果表明：随着花粉浓度、密度的提高,坐果率也会提高。人工点粉最适花粉浓度为花粉和面粉比例为1：2。液体授粉最佳花粉密度为0.8 g·L-1。从授粉效率来看,干粉喷粉与液体授粉的效率相当,要明显高于人工点粉,又以花粉与勾芡以1：10的比例喷粉,效果最好。5、为增进对‘库尔勒香梨’发育过程中糖、酸含量变化的了解,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对‘库尔勒香梨’果实发育过程中糖、酸的含量进行了测定,并分析了其含量变化的规律。结果表明：果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨醇是库尔勒香梨的四种主要糖分,其中果糖含量最高。酸组分主要由草酸、奎尼酸、苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸组成,其中奎尼酸含量最高。果糖与奎尼酸的含量及其变化动态是影响‘库尔勒香梨’糖酸比,决定其果实风味的主要因素。6、以‘库尔勒香梨’为试验材料,研究不同授粉方式对梨果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及成熟果实中石细胞含量的影响。结果表明,不同授粉方式对梨果实中PAL、PPO、POD三种酶活性的影响趋势都基本相同,差异主要集中在果实发育的前期和中期,果实成熟时各个授粉方式下果实中的三种酶活性差别不大,石细胞含量差异也不显著。7、以‘库尔勒香梨’为试验材料,利用HPLC方法测定不同授粉方式下香梨果实中可溶性糖和有机酸含量的变化。结果表明：不同的授粉方式在果实发育不同时期对糖、酸含量的积累有所不同。果实发育初期(6月24日～7月8日)液体授粉方式下,蔗糖、山梨醇2种糖分以及草酸、苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸5种酸分的变化趋势与其他几种授粉方式相反。果实发育后期,不同授粉方式下各糖分含量间开始出现明显差异,结合各授粉方式对糖分含量影响的结果来看：液体授粉>人工授粉、蜜蜂授粉>自然授粉。不同授粉方式对酸组分含量积累的影响结果来看：液体授粉<蜜蜂授粉<自然授粉<人工授粉。液体授粉提高了香梨果实发育过程中糖的含量而降低了有机酸的含量,大大提高了香梨果实中的糖／酸值,从而提高了香梨的品质。8、以‘库尔勒香梨’为试材,设置不同的授粉方式处理,测定香梨果实生长发育期间Ca、P、K、B、Na、Cu,6种矿质元素含量变化。结果表明：果实中矿质元素的含量受授粉方式的影响。果实中矿质元素含量在幼果期处于较高水平,而在幼果快速膨大至果实成熟期矿质元素含量逐渐下降。生产中常采用的人工授粉和蜜蜂授粉方式与对照自然授粉方式相比,香梨果实中某些矿质元素的含量有所降低。液体授粉能提高果实中除K元素外的其它5种所测矿质元素的含量。因此,花期选择液体授粉方式,有利于提高库尔勒香梨果实品质。9、从内源激素的角度探讨不同授粉方式对‘库尔勒香梨’果实生长发育的影响。结果表明：不同的授粉方式对果实内源激素和果实发育影响存在差异,这种差异在果实生长发育初期不明显,在果实发育后期较为明显。人工授粉方式下的果实采收时单果重、纵横径、体积明显大于其他三种授粉方式,显著大于液体授粉和自然授粉。‘7月8日-8月19日’,人工授粉IAA含量显著高于其他授粉处理(P<0.05),与果实迅速增长时期一致。7.22开始至果实成熟,人工授粉下的果实GA3含量明显高于其他授粉处理,差异显著(P<0.05),‘6月24日～7月22日’这段时期,人工授粉和蜜蜂授粉下果实GA3含量显著高于其他两种授粉方式。果实成熟采收时,自然授粉处理下的果实ABA含量显著高于其他授粉处理(P<0.05),而人工授粉最低。人工授粉和液体授粉下果实ZR含量整体呈下降趋势,蜜蜂授粉和自然授粉下果实ZR含量在果实发育中期有一个明显的升高过程,与GA3的变化趋势类似。综上可知,选择人工授粉方式可能更有利于获得个大、果重的香梨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pear is not self-pollination trees, the fruit quality and setting rate are poor if pollinated by itself. It is needness to allocate the pollinated tree rationally in the pear tree yard. According to the actual situation in the flowering, choose the effective artificial pollination techniques to ensure high and stable yield and fruit quality appearance. Butterflies, bees and other insects pollinate naturally can ensure the quality and yield of pear when have enough pollinated trees. However, in case of low flowering, rainy or windy weather can not be natural pollination, pear pollination difficulties, affecting the yield and quality of the year. The current production of pollination methods often be used are:artificial point powder, dusting equipment, liquid pollination, bee pollination placement methods. In order to explore the best pollination for pear, the study mainly analyzed the effect of different pollinations to the fruit development and quality and to provide basis for establishing artificial pollination technique system of korla fragrant pear. The results were as follows:1. Through a optimized experiment to liquid formula in laboratory we find a nutrient solution of high pollen germination rate. And after we survey the rate of fruit and calyx in field experiment we get optimized nutrient solution formula that fit pear’s liquid pollination in the region of Xinjiang. It is:Xanthan gum 0.04%, radish sugar:17% Fruit and vegetable calcium:0.03%, borate:0.01%, PBO:300 times liquid, pollen:0.8 g·L-1.2. In contrast with nature pollination, adopting the way of bee pollination to six varieties of pear,by comparing the difference about pear fruit rate and fruit quality, study the effect of bees pollinate pear. It turn out that:bees pollinate improve pear fruit rate significantly. After bee pollinate, fruit weight, vertical and horizontal, and volume improved obviously. The difference between nature pollination and bee pollination about pear fruit hardness, fruit shape index, soluble solids content, total acid content and the content of stone cell is not significantly sharped, but the bee pollinate fruit’s total soluble sugar content and total phenol content are obviously higher than that of nature pollination.3. In contrast with artificial pollination, adopting 12 different amount of bees pollination methods to’korla’ Xiangli pear. By comparison the fruit setting rate and the pollen to study the effect of bees pollination. The results showed that the highest fruit setting rate and pollen amount is 4 groups of bees per Ha. It is worst that pollinate by 6 groups of bees per Ha. The fruit setting rate is higher by spraying sugar induced liquid than not. And the amount of pollen is higher relatively. The higher fruit setting rate the higher the amount of pollen. Though the fruit setting rate is high by artificial pollination, the amount of pollen is less than bee pollination. The best pollination is 4 groups of bees per Ha (2 groups as one, dispersed placed, spraying sugar induced liquid).4. Use korla fragrant pear, round yellow, wet as the test materials, by the way of three methods of artificial supplementary pollination that artificial point powder, dry powder and liquid pollination, studied pollination with different pollen concentration and density, the effect to pear bear and keep fruit, fruit calyx in the pollination. At the same time survey and study round yellow, wet’s solution of work intensity time and fruit quality in field. Results show that with the improvement of pollen concentration, density, fruit-bearing rate will also increase. The optimal pollen concentration of artificial point powder is pollen and flour ratio of 1:2. Liquid pollination best pollen density is 0.8 g·L-1. From the point of pollination efficiency, dry powder and liquid pollination is equal, significantly higher than that of artificial point powder, and when powder pollen and thicken ratio of 1:10 the effect is best.5. In order to enhance the understanding of the change of the sugar and acid contents in the development process of Korla pear, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the sugar and acid contents in the development process of the fruits of Korla pear, and to analyze the change rules of the contents. The result shows us:the sugar in the fruit of Korla pear consists of fructose, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol.and fructose content counts the highest. Acid components consist of oxalic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, shikimic acid, citric acid and succinic acid and quinic acid content counts the highest. So Fructose and quinic acid contents and their dynamic changes are the main factors that influence the fruit flavor and the ratio of the sugar and acid content in Korla pear.6. The PAL, PPO and POD activities and Sclereid content in ripe fruit were studied by different pollination methods in ’korla’ Xiangli pear. The results showed that it is basically the same by different pollination methods which affect PAL, PPO and POD activities, the difference mainly in the early and mid fruit development, it is little difference which affected the three enzyme activities by different pollination methods in ripe fruit, the Sclereid content is not significantly as well.7. Employing ’Korla’ pears as the experimental materials and use HPLC to measure the changes of the amount of the fruit soluble sugar and organic acid content when using different pollination methods.The result shows us:Different Pollination Method carries different outcome on the sugar and acid content in different periods. In the early stage of fruit development process(6.24～7.8) liquid pollination mode causes the completely adverse change trend of sucrose, sorbitol and oxalic acid, malic acid, shikimic acid, citric acid and succinic acid compared with other pollination mode.In the late stage, there are obvious differences of the sugar content when using different pollination methods.In combination with the results on the impact of different pollination methods on sugar content, liquid pollination,> artificial pollination,honeybee pollination> Natural pollination. In combination with the influence of different pollination methods of acid components in the accumulated results liquid pollination<honeybee pollination<natural pollination <artificial pollination. Liquid pollination has increased the sugar content and has decreased the organic acid content in the development process, which greatly improves the ratio of the sugar content and acid content, thus improving the quality of pears.8. Employing ’Korla’ pear as experimental materials and setting different pollinating methods to measure the changes of Ca, P, K, B, Na, Cu contents In the development process of the pear fruits. The result shows that the contents of mineral elements in fruits are affected by pollination mode. During young fruit period, contents of mineral elements in the fruits are all at a high level. With the rapid growth of the fruits, the mineral elements contents gradually decrease and the decreasing process lasts into fructescence. Compared with natural pollination mode. The artificial and honeybee pollination mode used in the productive process has caused the decrease of some mineral elements contents.While Liquid pollination could increase the mineral elements contents except K element. Therefore, choosing liquid pollination method in florescence is propitious to the quality of Korla frag.9. The endogenous hormone contents and fruit development were changing differently under different pollinations. The differences were not obvious during the early stage, but it is more obvious in the late fruit development. After artificial pollination single fruit weight、 fruit diameter and fruit volume were significantly higher than the other three pollinations. During ’7.8～8.19’, IAA contents under artificial pollination were significantly higher than the other pollinations (P<0.05), which agreed with the fruit rapid growth period. During ’7.22’to fruit maturation period, GA3 contents under artificial pollination were significantly higher than the other pollinations, and during ’6.24-7.22’after artificial pollination and honeybee pollination GA3 contents were significantly higher than the other two pollinations. IAA contents under natural pollination were significantly higher than the other pollinations at harvest, which were lowest under artificial pollination. The changing trend of ZR in fruit development was on the decline under artificial pollination and liquid pollination, while it rise obviously in the middle stage under honeybee pollination and natural pollination, which were similar to GA3. The results showed that artificial pollination method may be more beneficial to get pears of bigger size and fruit weight.更多还原