【作者】 陈希；

【导师】 陈发棣；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 园林植物与观赏园艺， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium(Ramat.) Kitamura)为多年生宿根植物,起源于中国,为我国十大名花及世界四大切花之一,是一种非常重要的观赏植物,在世界花卉产业中占有极其重要的地位,一些品种还具有很高的药用及茶用价值。随着菊花生产面积的扩大,种植年限的积累,菊花连作障碍日益严重,连作导致的菊花大面积发病死亡,品质严重下降等现象,成为制约菊花生产的主要难题。本试验在实际生产条件下,分析比较了杀菌剂“多菌灵”(carbendazim MBC),土壤熏蒸剂“棉隆”(dazometDAZ),以及微生物有机肥“爸爱我”(BOF),对切花菊‘优香’(Chrysanthemum morifolium’Youxiang’),切花菊‘神马’(Chrysanthemum morifolium ’Jinba’)以及‘滁菊’(Chrysanthemum morifolium’Chuju’)连作发病率及防治率,植株根系活力、菊花主要品质,生理指标以及根际土壤酶活性的影响。提取了切花菊‘神马’根际土壤总DNA,使用通用引物分别进行18S rDNA以及16S rDNA的扩增,通过RT-PCR和DGGE技术对各处理根际土壤的真菌及细菌的数量、群落结构、多样性进行进一步分析,旨在为菊花连作障碍防控提出最佳技术方案。全文主要的研究结果及结论如下：(1)比较探讨了切花菊‘优香’连作土壤施用添加有拮抗微生物的有机肥“爸爱我”(BOF)、杀菌剂多菌灵(MBC)以及二者的联合施用(MBC+BOF)对切花菊‘优香’品质及根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：在所有处理中,微生物有机肥和杀菌剂均能有效防控切花菊连作枯萎病,三个处理对枯萎病的防治率最高的为处理MBC 和 MBC+BOF,防治率达到100%,其次为处理BOF,防治率为92.0%；微生物有机肥在增强切花菊的根系活力,较CK而言,处理BOF及MBC+BOF根际活力分别提高78.1%、70.2%；微生物有机肥在提高切花菊主要品质(株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、舌状花数、植株鲜重)以及增强切花菊土壤酶活性方面效果显著；杀菌剂对根际土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性有抑制作用,但抑制效果弱于微生物有机肥对其的激活作用；联合处理MBC+BOF综合效果最佳。(2)使用杀菌剂多菌灵(MBC)、土壤熏蒸剂棉隆(DAZ)、微生物有机肥“爸爱我”(BOF)以及多菌灵、棉隆与微生物有机肥联合施用(MBC+BOF、DAZ+BOF)对切花菊‘神马’连作土壤进行处理,结果表明：单独施用2种杀菌剂(MBC、DAZ,杀菌剂与微生物有机肥联合施用(MBC+BOF、DAZ+BOF),单独施用微生物有机肥(BOF)均能有效防治枯萎病,处理MBC, DAZ, MBC+BOF, DAZ+BOF, BOF对枯萎病的防治率分别为93.75%,83.86%,80.82%,84.31%,52.51%；较CK而言,微生物有机肥能显著提高切花菊主要品质,2种药剂单独施用对其影响较小,处理DAZ+BOF提高效果最佳；微生物有机肥对土壤脲酶,蔗糖酶,过氧化氢酶活性有显著激活作用,2种药剂对土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,对蔗糖酶活性有一定激活作用,对脲酶活性有显著抑制作用,但该抑制作用弱于微生物有机肥时其的激活作用；通过RT-PCR测定真菌和细菌的数量发现,5个处理均能显著提高B/F值,较CK而言,处理MBC、DAZ、MBC+BOF、DAZ+BOF、BOF分别提高33.01%,80.58%,196.12%,92.23%,109.71%；微生物有机肥及杀菌剂能明显抑制土壤真菌的数量、丰度及多样性,减少病原菌种类,微生物有机肥能提高土壤细菌的数量、丰度及多样性,3个含有微生物有机肥的处理(MBC+BOF、DAZ+BOF、BOF)的DGGE条带中经测序发现高效拮抗菌Bacillus subtilis,表明其在根际土壤中均能稳定存活,并占有优势生态位,单独施用2种杀菌剂对细菌微生物区系影响较小。(3)在‘滁菊’扦插育苗及大田移栽时施用微生物有机肥,通过对‘滁菊’根系活力,产量,黄酮含量等主要生理指标的测定,研究‘滁菊’连作障碍防控技术。结果表明：施用微生物有机肥能显著提高‘滁菊’根系活力、产量及黄酮含量,对株高、茎粗、冠幅、分指数、根冠比、鲜重、生物量等主要生理指标也有显著提高,其中处理BOF+BOF,即育苗与大田移栽时都施用微生物有机肥综合效果最佳,较对照CKn+CKf而言,产量、黄酮含量、叶绿素、含氮量分别提高34.71%,95.71%,73.76%,97.22%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Kitamura) originated in China, and it is one of the most important ornamental plants with its rich color and inflorescence types, occupying an extremely major market share of cut flowers and flowering pot plants in the world and some of them have high medicinal value. With chrysanthemum production promotion and accumulation of planting years, the fusarium wilt causes a large area of chrysanthemum incidence of death and serious sever in qualityof chrysanthemumunder continuous cropping systems, the continuous cropping obstacles had became the most significant problems. Here,3 kinds of chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium ’Youxiang’,Chrysanthemummorifolium’Jinba’andChrysanthemum morifolium Tzvel. cv. Chuju)with seriouscontinuous cropping obstacles had been selected to doing field experimentapplied with carbendazim, dazomet and bio-organic fertilizer under actual production conditions. The disease incidence,control rate,root activity, soil enzymes activity had been measured in order to analyze the effects. The total DNA from rhizosphere soil had been extracted for RT-PCR and PCR-DGGE, in order to analyze the soil microflora. The main results and conclusion were listed as follow:(1) The effects of bio-organic fertilizer(BOF), fungicide(carbendazim MBC) and BOF combined with MBC application on quality and soil enzymatic activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium ’Youxiang’ in continuous cropping systems were investigated. The results showed that bio-organic fertilizer and fungicide application could effectively prevent the occurrence of fusarium wilt disease of cut chrysanthemum, Thecontrol rate of MBC, MBC+BOF and BOF was 100%,100% and 92.0%; bio-organic fertilizer application was more effect on root activity, the root activity of treatmentBOF and MBC+BOFhad increased 78.1%,70.2%compared with CK;bio-organic fertilizer application wasalso effect on soil enzymes activity and quality(shoot height, stem diameter, leaf SPAD value, ray floret number, shoot fresh weight) improvement of cut chrysanthemum, while fungicide application was responsible for soil enzymatic activity suppression,but weaker than the activation of bio-organic fertilizer on them. Treatment MBC+BOF show the best quality improvement among three treatments.(2)The effects of bio-organic fertilizer(BOF), fungicide(carbendazim MBC),fumigant (dazometDAZ)and BOF combined with MBC and DAZ application on quality, soil enzymatic activities and soil microflora of Chrysanthemum morifolium’Jinba’in continuous cropping systems were nvestigated.The results showed that:carbendazim,dazomet and bio-organic fertilizer could effectively prevent the occurrence of fusarium wilt disease of cut chrysanthemum, thecontrol rate of MBC, DAZ, MBC+BOF, DAZ+BOF, BOF was 93.75%,83.86%,80.82%,84.31%,52.51%; bio-organic fertilizerappli cation was more effect on chrysanthemum quality,treatment DAZ+BOFshow the best quality improvement among five treatments;3 kinds of rhizosphere soil enzymatic activity had been increased by using bio-organic fertilizer,dazomet and carbendazim were responsible for urease activitysuppression and sucrase activity activation;5 treatments could increase the B/F value,MBC, DAZ, MBC+BOF, DAZ+BOF and BOF had increased 33.01%,80.58%,196.12%,92.23%,109.71% compared with CK by RT-PCR; all treatments could suppress the diversity,abundance and richness of rhizosphere soil fungi,bio-organic fertilizer could increase the diversity,abundance and richness of rhizosphere soilbacteria by PCR-DGGE;3treatmentswhich applied with bio-organic fertilizer(MBC+BOF, DAZ+BOF and BOF) had bright bands identified as Bacillus subtilis, showed its could survive inrhizosphere soil and take advantage of niche.(3) The BOF was applied both in nursery and transplanting of Chrysanthemum morifolium Tzvel. cv. Chuju in continuous cropping systems, the root activity, total flavonoids, yield and main physiological indicators of chrysanthemum had been measured in order to investigate the effects of controlling continuous obstacles.The results showed that:BOF could significantly increase the total flavonoids andyield, the main physiological indicators such as shoot height, stem diameter, crown diameter, root/shoot ratio and shootfresh wt. also had been increased.Treatment BOF+BOFshow the best improvement among three treatments, the yield,total flavonoids,leaf SPAD value and nitrogen contents had increased 34.71%,95.71%,73.76%,97.22%compared withCKn+CKf.更多还原