【作者】 黄芳；

【导师】 高绍君；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 马克思从《黑格尔法哲学批判》到《资本论》横跨一生的文本中,多次运用“颠倒”一词。但是对于“颠倒”本身又缺乏详尽的解释与说明。这就对我们理解马克思的著作产生了不小的困难。我们不禁要问,“颠倒”究竟是什么意思?马克思批判黑格尔的颠倒与哲学变革意义上的“颠倒”有何不同?“颠倒”又对马克思的哲学意味着什么?本文将试图对这些问题进行比较全面的研究。仅仅把“颠倒”做本意层面的分析,而不思考它的哲学意义,就无法探寻“颠倒”的实质,因为不管是“用头立地”还是“用脚立地”倒过来还是同一个人,那么,马克思辩证法便会陷入唯心主义僵局。只有层层剖析马克思对黑格尔辩证法的“颠倒”,才可以探析“颠倒”长期以来被遮蔽的哲学意义。本文主要从“颠倒”的过程入手,揭示马克思对黑格尔辩证法“颠倒”的实质。马克思虽然具备辩证思想,而对于“辩证法是什么”的梳理却没有像黑格尔一样形成体系。所以,对“颠倒”问题的研究不可能拘泥于他的任何一本著作。只有对马克思的著作进行系统的了解后,才可能达到对马克思的“颠倒”产生清晰认识的研究目的。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》发现了黑格尔关于国家与市民社会关系的颠倒,并通过《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对思维与存在关系的复归,奠定了辩证法的唯物主义根基;马克思受费尔巴哈的直观唯物主义影响很大,但经历了《关于费尔巴哈提纲》到《德意志意识形态》的写作后,马克思已经从费尔巴哈直观唯物主义睡梦中清醒过来,认为辩证法不应是建立在一般唯物主义基础之上,而应建立在社会存在决定社会意识、经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义之上;随着实践观点提出、对人与人交往关系的重视,马克思的历史观也逐渐成熟。历史再也不是抽象自然的历史,而是人的实践活动的过程。在《哲学的贫困》一文中,马克思已经开始用辩证法解决经济领域的问题,并且发现了经济范畴与经济关系之间出现的颠倒;在后期《资本论》的写作中,马克思又明确提出他与黑格尔辩证法具有截然不同的性质——需要把黑格尔辩证法“倒过来”。可见,“颠倒”问题,已经成为马克思历史唯物辩证法发展的缩影。通过研究“颠倒”问题,不仅可以使我们对马克思使用“颠倒”一词的语境与逻辑认识的更为清晰,而且对于我们把握马克思辩证法具有不可或缺的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 From “critique of Hegel’s philosophy” to “Das Kapital”, Marx repeatedly use the word “reversion” in that text which across his lifetime. But about what is "reversion", it is lack of a detailed interpretation and explanation, which made it hard for us to understand Marx’s literary work. We can’t help but ask, what reversion exactly means? What does "reversion" mean to Marx’s philosophy? This paper will attempt to make a comprehensive study of these issues.If we only regard the "reversion" as the analysis in an intention level and do not thinking about its philosophical significance of, we will not be able to explore the essence of "reversion". Because whether it is "head site" or "foot site", if reversed he will be the same person, then Marxist dialectics will fall into the idealism deadlock. Only by the layers of analysis of the "reversion" of Hagel’s dialectics, can it be probe the philosophical significance of "reversion" which is veiled for a long time. This article mainly from the process of "reversion" to start, reveal the essence of "reversion" that Marx to Hagel’s dialectics. Although Marx had a dialectical thought, he didn’t comb the dialectics and didn’t like Hagel who had formed a system. So the study of the "reversion" is impossible to stick to any of his books. Only after a systematic understanding of his literary works, it is likely to achieve a clear understanding of Marx’s "reversion". In the critique of Hegel’s philosophy, Marx found Hegel’s upside down on the relationship between the state and civil society, and in the manuscript of economics and philosophy in 1844 reverting the relation between thinking and being, laying a materialism foundation for dialectics; Feuerbach’s intuitive materialism has greatly influent Marx, but after the outline of Feuerbach "to " the German Ideology" created by Marx, Marx has awaked from the sleep of Feuerbach’s intuitive materialism, hold that dialectics should not be based on general materialism, but be based on social existence determines social consciousness, economic basis determines superstructure of historical materialism; With the practice ideas put forward and an emphasis on the relationship between people and people, Marx’s history view is gradually mature. History is no more than the history of abstract nature, but the process of human practice. In the poverty of philosophy, Marx began to solve problems in the economic field by using the dialectics, and found the reversion of the economic category and the economic relationship; In the latter writing of the "Das Kapital", Marx clearly pointed out that he was different from Hegel’s dialectics-- it need to reverse the Hegel’s Dialectics.Therefore, the "reversion" problem has become an epitome of Marx’s historical materialism. Through the study of "reversion " problem, not only can enable us to have an clearly understanding of the context and the logic of "reversion", but also play an indispensable role for us to grasp the Marxist dialectics.更多还原