【作者】 李华；

【导师】 慕卫；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 渗透剂作为一种重要的农药助剂,对其有效成分的药效发挥及抗性的延缓有一定的促进作用。本研究以渗透剂作为喷雾助剂,通过其对农药处理靶标生物的联合毒力及其对环境生物的大型溞(Daphnia magna)联合毒性的综合评价,探讨不同渗透剂对农药增效作用和增毒作用的相关性,并明确大型溞作为农药渗透剂筛选的模式生物的可行性。1、采用浸虫法测定了非离子型、阳离子型渗透剂和有机硅渗透剂对茚虫威处理两种鳞翅目害虫甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)和小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)的联合毒力,以及渗透剂对啶虫脒处理苹果黄蚜(Aphis ciricola van der Goot)的联合毒力。结果显示,各类渗透剂对啶虫脒的增效作用明显高于对茚虫威的增效作用。季铵盐阳离子型渗透剂中单长链苄基二甲基氯化铵的DDBAC和TDBAC对茚虫威表现出较强的增效作用,增效比在2.5~12.0之间;有机硅助剂次之,增效比在2.0~5.0之间;脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚助剂中环氧乙烷(EO)数较少的助剂也表现出增效作用,有增效作用的助剂增效比范围分别为1.7~10.0和1.6~2.3。对啶虫脒增效作用试验表明,除EO数30及以上的烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚助剂外,其他助剂均对啶虫脒表现出明显的增效作用;有机硅silwet系列助剂增效比最大,在40~215之间;其次为非离子型的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚助剂,增效比分别在20~175和10~70之间,且随助剂分子中EO数的增加,增效比逐渐减小;季铵盐助剂对啶虫脒增效作用最弱,增效比范围5~50。2、参照OECD推荐方法测定了农药和渗透剂对大型溞的单一毒性。茚虫威和啶虫脒对大型溞的48 h EC50分别为2.37×10-2 mg/L和27.54 mg/L,毒性等级分别为剧毒和低毒。烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚助剂对大型溞为中、低毒,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚多为高毒,有机硅和季铵盐对大型溞剧毒。以AI相加指数法和等效应曲线法评价农药与渗透剂混合液对大型溞的联合作用,结果表明,单一毒性较高的助剂,联合毒性也较高。非离子型渗透剂分子中EO数的越少,联合毒性越高;季铵盐和有机硅渗透剂与两种农药的联合作用均为协同或相加。渗透剂与啶虫脒混合液对大型溞的联合毒性高于与茚虫威的混合液对大型溞的联合毒性。3、通过对非离子型、阳离子型和有机硅渗透剂水溶液物理性状的测定分析,有机硅助剂对水溶液物理性状影响最显著,其次为季铵盐阳离子助剂,非离子型渗透剂中脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚类助剂对水溶液物理性状的影响较烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类助剂强。助剂分子碳链越长、EO数越少,脂溶性越强,对水溶液表面张力的降低和扩张直径的增加影响越小,但在叶片上的最大持留量越高。综上所述,农药与渗透剂对靶标生物的联合毒力与其混合液对大型溞的联合毒性有一定的相关性,对农药有较强增效作用的渗透剂,其与农药的混合液通常对大型溞也表现出较高的联合毒性,而对大型溞联合毒性较强的助剂一般也会表现出增效作用,因此以大型溞作为模式生物对农药有效渗透剂进行筛选有一定的可行性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Penetrant is a type of important adjuvant of pesticide formulations which is useful in promoting the effect of pesticide active ingredients in agricultural production and also in favor of delaying the resistance of pesticide on target organisms. In present study, the united toxicities of two insecticides, indoxacarb and acetamiprid, with different penetrants on target insects and the joint toxicities on Daphnia magna were evaluated to explore the relevance of combined toxicities of insectices and penetrants on target organisms and non-target Daphnia magna, meanwhile, to clear the feasibility if the Daphnia magna could be a model organism to screen the effective penetrant for agricultural production.1. The synergisms of indoxacarb and non-ionic penetrants, cationic penetrants, organic silicon penetrants to two insects, Spodoptera exigua and Agrotis ypsilon were determined with the dipping method. Meanwhile, the synergistic effects of acetamiprid and the penetrants to Aphis ciricola were also assessed with the same method. Results showed that synergisms of each penetrant were higher to acetamiprid than to indoxacarb. In the synergistic effect to indoxacarb, synergisms with the single long-chain alkyl benzyl ammonium chloride DDBAC and TDBAC were higher than others with the synergism ratio from 2.5 to 12.0, then was the organic silicon adjuvant with ratio 2.0-5.0, and the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether with less number of ethylene oxides also be synergistic to indoxacarb against Spodoptera exigua and Agrotis ypsilon which synergism ratio were 1.7-10.0 and 1.6~2.3 respectively.Compared with indoxacarb, the gynergisms of penetrants to acetamiprid were much higher. Almost all of the penetrants except the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether surfactants with the ethylene oxides number are or more than 30 were synergistic to acetamiprid. The organic silicon adjuvant showed the highest synergism to cetamiprid with the synergism ratio of 40-215, then were the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether with the ratio of 20-175 and 10-70 respectively, and the synergistic effect were higher with the decreasing of number of ethylene oxide. Synergisms of the quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants were lower than other penetrants with the ratio of 5-50.2. The 48 h EC50 values of indoxacarb and acetamiprid were 2.37×10-2 mg/L and 27.54 mg/L, be extremely high toxicity level and low toxicity level respectively. The independent toxicities of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether surfactants were moderate toxicities or low toxicities level, while almost all of the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether surfactants were high toxicities, and all of the tested quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants and organic silicon adjuvants were extremely high toxicities. The joint toxicities of pesticides and penetrants were evaluated with AI additive index method and the equivalent curve method. Joint toxicities results indicated that the higher the independent toxicity of penetrant was, the higher the joint toxicities with pesticides to Daphnia magna were. To the non-ionic penetrants, adjuvant with less number of ethylene oxides would be higher joint toxicity to Daphnia magna. All the quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants and organic silicon adjuvant were synergisitic effect or addictive effect to Daphnia magna with two pesticides. The joint toxicities of penetrants with acetamiprid were higher than with indoxacarb.3. Results of effects of penetrants on physical properties of water were determined that the organic silicon adjuvant showed the most remarkable effect on water, and then were the quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants. In the non- ionic penetrants, fatty alcohol–polyoxy ethylene ether surfactants were much higher in the effects on physical properties of water than the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether surfactants. In conclusion, a higher liposolubility adjuvants with a longer carbon chain or less number of ethylene oxides showed a lower effect on the decreasing of surface tension and increasing of expanded diameter but a higher maximum retention amount on the leaf.In conclusion, the relevance of combined toxicities of insecticides and penetrants on target organisms and non-target Daphnia magna was positive correlation. That is to say, the penetrant which showed a stronger united to xicity with insecticide on target organisms also has a higher joint toxicity on Daphnia magna, and vice versa. Therefore, it was feasible for Daphnia magna as a model organism to screen the effective penetrant for agricultural production.更多还原