【作者】 张婷；

【导师】 康光明；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2015， 硕士

【副题名】基于COCA语料库

【摘要】 现有文献表明,自哈里斯(1952)提出语篇分析以来,学界对分析语篇的方法和途径还未达成一致意见。系统功能语言学者所做的大量语篇分析实践验证了系统功能语法为语篇分析提供了行之有效的方法。然而,他们过多注重语篇的元功能,而较少关注与单位、成分及词项的组合相关的语篇句法层面。因此,加的夫语法作为系统功能语法的另一种模式为语篇分析提供了一个集描述、生成和认知于一体的框架,弥补了当前理论和方法的不足。作为整个情态系统的重要组成部分,情态动词一直是模态逻辑和当代语言学研究的焦点。尤其,系统功能语法将其看作表达语篇人际元功能的重要手段。且加的夫语法赋予了其四种意义,这为本研究提供了语义分析框架。现有文献显示,情态动词的研究与语篇分析密切相关。前人的研究主要关注学术、法律、广告、新闻等语篇中情态动词的应用,其研究所选语料库种类单一且多为作者随机挑选的,主观性强,科学性差。因此,本研究选取了由大量自然语言构成的当代美国英语语料库,其为本文分析不同语域情态动词应用的异同点提供了可能。通过搜索此语料库,本研究发现口语和学术语篇情态动词应用对比明显,因而主要关注此两种语域中情态动词的应用情况。为通过定量与定性分析相结合的方法探讨加的夫语法视角下的情态动词在口语语篇和学术语篇中的应用,本研究提出了以下四个问题:(1)不同情态动词在口语和学术语篇中的分布是怎样的?有何异同点?其根源为何?(2)同一个情态动词在口语和学术语篇中的分布是怎样的?有何异同点?其根源为何?(3)高频情态动词在口语和学术语篇中是如何表达加的夫语法中的多重意义的?(4)情态动词在口语和学术语篇中不同的句法结构中的分布是怎样的?这些句法结构与情态动词表达的意义之间有何关系?基于以上四个问题,本研究的发现如下。第一,口语和学术语篇中不同情态动词分布存在异同之处,其原因可归结为情态动词本身的特性,即高频情态动词和低频情态动词在所有语体中的分布一致。第二,相同情态动词在该两种语域中的分布不同,其原因可归结为口语和学术两种语体中语言使用的特点。第三,本研究中所涉及的情态动词可表达多重意义,可能是由情态动词歧义的本质决定的,因此,辨别情态动词表达的意义需依赖于语境。另外,这些意义分布的数据显示了一种趋势:情态动词的根意义使用频率降低,而其认识意义使用频率提高。其原因可归结为人们倾向于减少其对命题的真值问题所做评论的责任,显示出对不同声音的容忍和理解。第四,情态动词表达的意义与其所出现的句法结构呈现相互依存的态势,且意义解释受到句法结构的制约。本论文的整体框架如下。第一章简介了研究背景,研究问题,研究目的和意义,研究方法以及论文的整体框架。第二章综述了国内外对加的夫语法和情态的研究。第三章描述了理论框架,包括加的夫语法中的操作词测试,元功能与多重意义的比较及加的夫语法对情态动词的研究。第四章以定量和定性相结合的方法分析了情态动词在口语和学术语篇中的应用,描述了分布的异同点,探讨了异同的根源,总结了情态动词表达的多重意义,尤其探讨了不同句法结构中情态动词的应用。第五章得出本论文的结论,展示了研究的主要发现,指出了本研究的局限,并为进一步研究提出了建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since discourse analysis was put forward by Z. Harris(1952), there has been no consensus on the approaches to analyzing discourses in academic field, as demonstrated in the current literature. While large quantity of practices on discourse analysis taken on by systemic functional linguists have verified that Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG) has provided us with a practical and effective approach to discourse analysis. Nevertheless, they have attached more importance to the metafunctions of discourses and have done less at the level of syntax,mainly concerned with the compositions of units, elements, and items. Therefore, as an alternative to SFG, the Cardiff Grammar has presented a comprehensive framework integrating descriptive, generative and cognitive methodologies for discourse analysis, which can make up for the deficiency of current theories and approaches.Modal verbs, as main components of the whole modality system, have been and will always be the focus of the academic and philosophical researches not only in modal logic, but also in modern linguistics. In particular, they have been viewed as important means to express the interpersonal metafunction in discourse in SFG. And they have been attached with four broad types of meaning in the Cardiff Grammar, which lay out the semantic framework for the present study. As can be seen from current literature, the studies on modal verbs have a close relationship with discourse analysis. And the previous studies on modal verbs are mainly concerned with academic, forensic, advertisement and news texts, in which the type of the corpora is single, and many of them are selected by the author randomly, which may have the disadvantages of strong subjectivity and weak scientificity. Therefore, this study has chosen a corpus of naturally occurring languages, named the Corpus of Contemporary American English(COCA), which is large enough to analyze the similarities and differences of modal verbs in distinct registers. As corpus findings show the clearest contrast between the application of modal verbs in spoken texts and academic texts, this study will concentrate on the two distinct registers.In order to analyze the application of modal verbs in spoken and academic texts through the Cardiff Grammar with the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study presents four questions as follows:(1) What is the distribution of different modal verbsin spoken and academic texts? What are the similarities and differences? What are the sources and motivations underlying them?(2) What is the distribution of the same modal verb in spoken and academic texts? What are the similarities and differences? What are the sources underlying them?(3) How do the modal verbs of high frequency in spoken and academic texts represent strands of meaning in the Cardiff Grammar?(4) What is the distribution of modal verbs in various syntactic structures in spoken and academic texts? What is the relationship between the syntactic structures and the meanings expressed by the modal verbs?Based on the above four questions, the present study has the following findings. Firstly,there are similarities and differences between distribution of different modal verbs in spoken texts and academic texts, which can be attributed as the characteristics of the modal verbs with frequent and rare usage in all registers. Secondly, there are differences between the same modal verb in the two registers respectively, mainly due to the features of spoken and academic languages. Thirdly, as for the strands of meaning expressed by modal verbs, all the modal verbs concerned with in this study mark multiple strands of meaning, which may be determined by the ambiguous essence of modal verbs. Therefore, to distinguish the meanings expressed by modal verbs should depend upon the context. In addition, as is shown by the data of the distribution of these meanings, there is a tendency that the root meaning is of rare usage and the epistemic meaning is of frequent usage, for people tend to low down the responsibility on making commons about the truth-value of the propositions, and show a kind of tolerance and understanding of different opinions. Fourthly, there exists a kind of interdependent relationship between the meanings expressed by modal verbs and the syntactic structures in which modal verbs happen, and the meanings are constrained by these syntactic structures.The overall structure of the whole thesis is as follows. Chapter one provides a general introduction to the research background, questions, purpose and significance, methodology as well as the overall structure of the thesis. Chapter two presents a literature review of the Cardiff Grammar and modality at home and abroad. Chapter three illustrates the theoretical framework including the Operator test in the Cardiff Grammar, the comparison of metafunctions with strands of meaning, and studies on modal verbs in the Cardiff Grammar.Chapter four analyzes the application of modal verbs in English spoken and academic textswith the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology, describes similarities and differences of distribution, explores the underlying sources, summarizes the many strands of meaning expressed by modal verbs and discusses the distribution of modal verbs in various syntactic structures in particular. Chapter five comes to the conclusion of the whole thesis,presents major findings, points out limitations of the study, and also gives suggestions for further studies.更多还原