【作者】 高敏；

【导师】 刘建军；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 森林生态学（专业学位）， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 枣树是我国特有的经济树种，具有悠久的栽培历史，在我国广泛栽培。陕西省佳县地处黄河中游晋陕峡谷中段西岸，是枣树生长的最佳区域，也是我国红枣栽培的起源地之一。佳县作为中国红枣名乡，对中国的红枣产业发展起着重要的作用。近年来，不少专家、学者及林业技术人员在不同的时期，对陕北的枣树优良品种选择、丰产管理技术、枣区的分布等进行过研究，并形成专著、期刊文章、学位论文等，但并没有学者对佳县的红枣资源进行系统的调查与整理。佳县有枣（Zizyphusjujuba）和酸枣（Zizyphusspinosa）两种枣属植物，作为佳县的特色资源，如何进行高效开发利用和走可持续发展道路，是佳县当前首要任务之一。本文采用实地调查与文献整理相结合的方法，结合国内外红枣资源开发的现状、趋势，对佳县红枣资源的现状进行研究。通过对佳县红枣品种资源、栽培历史、区域分布、栽培管理、加工利用等方面的调查整理，发现佳县红枣资源开发利用中存在许多不足，具体问题为：一是主栽品种依然为传统品种。佳县原有的优良品种呈退化趋势，产量少、品质低；二是自然灾害严重影响红枣产量与质量；三是栽培管理技术含量低，红枣生产管理简单粗放，导致产品质量无法保证；四是加工利用水平低，产后保鲜、储存、深加工不到位，没有形成市场规模，经济效益低；五是组织化程度低，红枣销售网络不健全。消息滞后，销售渠道不畅通，加工产品缺乏市场竞争力和占有力；六是佳县红枣服务体系不健全；七是珍稀资源未得到合理的开发利用。并分析了其产生的原因，如枣农的管理技能低、意识低；政府资金投入少；加工企业能力低；缺乏专门管理机构；缺乏统一规划等。从而针对红枣基地建设、红枣加工、市场营销和政府职能四个方面，提出了以下红枣资源开发对策：（1）优良品种的繁育与推广，实现良种化生产；（2）加强枣园的栽培管理，从红枣栽培生产的各个环节入手，实现集约化经营管理，以提高红枣的产量质量；（3）扩大有机红枣生产规模；（4）建设枣园时模拟自然生态系统，建立生态枣园；（5）改善传统工艺，注重红枣产品营养价值的保存；（6）加强红枣加工新产品的开发，大力发展红枣产品深加工，实现产品多样化，从而提高红枣产品经济效益；（7）合理利用红枣加工副产物，减少资源浪费；（8）加强产品加工规范和品牌效应，保障红枣产品质量；（9）建立完善的销售体系，避免丰产不丰收现象的发生；（10）开拓国内外红枣营销市场，推进国际化经营；（11）专设红枣管理部门；（12）成立佳县红枣产品质量检测中心；（13）建立灾害性天气的预警系统；（14）做强有机红枣产业；（15）建设现代化的佳县红枣产业园区；（16）建立红枣生产保障机制，提供必要的资金信贷扶持；（17）加大科技投入力度；（18）大幅度提高农民组织化和信息化程度，实现信息化管理；（19）加大宣传力度，推广佳县红枣品牌。通过本次研究，了解陕西省佳县红枣资源的现状，进一步促进佳县优质红枣种质资源的保护利用，为进行红枣资源保护提供理论依据及为红枣资源的科学研究提供帮助。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zizyphus jujuba is a kind of tree that can bring income and unique in China, which also enjoys a longstory and wide range of cultivation. Jiaxian in Shaanxi Province locates in the middle part of the YellowRiver and to west of Shanxi, Shaanxi canyon in the middle. The location is the best area suitable forZizyphus jujuba, as well as the origin. As a famous place known for Zizyphus jujuba, Jiaxian plays a vitalpart in the development of the industry. In recent years, quite a few experts and forestry technicians havedone researches in the choice of qualified variety, management techniques in production and thedistribution and have issued papers and articles, however, they fail to figure out and organize the resourcesin Jiaxian. There has two kind of Zizyphus species, including Zizyphus jujuba and Zizyphus spinosa. Howto develop the feature resource both efficiently and continually is one of the priorities in Jiaxian.The article aims to study the current situation of Jiaxian, tendency and resources both domestic andabroad in a way of the combination of actual investigation and literature review. Through the organizationof the variety resources, cultural history, regional distribution, cultivation management, processing andutilization of Zizyphus jujuba in Jiaxian, the author discovers deficiencies in the development. Thespecific problems are as follows. Firstly, main cultivated varieties are still the traditional varieties,which means the old qualified kind is now on the way of degeneration with less production and worsequality. Secondly, natural disasters severely influence the production and quality. Thirdly, the lack oftechnology in the cultivation and management leads to the consequence of fewer guarantees on productionand quality. Fourthly, the level of procession and utilization causes the low income without a large scale onthe market and the failure in preserve and storage. Fifthly, there are little gathering or institution so there isno convenient sale access on the internet. When the information is not updated timely, the sale access isblocked, the produce, naturally, will lose the power of competition and occupation. Sixthly, the servicesystem in Jiaxian is not complete. Seventhly, the valuable resources in Jiaxian is not fully made use of. Theauthor analyzes the reason in this and figures out the following, the lack of awareness and techniques incultivation, the shortage of authorities’ focus, the low competence of processing works, no specialtyinstitution, and no unified planning. In allusion to Zizyphus jujuba base construction, processing, marketingand government functions, the paper proposes the following countermeasure of the Zizyphus jujubaresources exploitation:(1)Cultivate and popularize the good varieties to improve the Zizyphus jujubaproduction.(2)Enhance the management of Zizyphus jujuba cultivation in all respects of its production to realize the intensive management and improve its quality.(3)Expand the scale of organic Zizyphus jujubaproduction.(4)Establish ecological Zizyphus jujuba yards by simulating natural ecosystems in construction.(5)Improve the products’ traditional process and focus on the preservation of their nutritional value.(6)Strive to develop processing of new Zizyphus jujuba products and especially the deep processing so asto realize product diversification and improve the economic benefit.(7)Make proper use of the by-productsafter Zizyphus jujuba processing to reduce the waste of resources.(8)Enhance the standardized productprocessing and brand effect for the sake of Zizyphus jujuba quality assurance.(9)Establish a perfect systemto balance the supply and demand.(10)Exploit the sales market both in China and abroad to promote theinternational operation.(11)Set up a management department for Zizyphus jujuba.(12)Set up a productquality testing center in Jiaxian.(13)Set up a warning system related to disastrous weather.(14)Makeefforts to strengthen the Zizyphus jujuba industry.(15)Construct a modern Zizyphus jujuba industrial parkof Jiaxian.(16)Build a Zizyphus jujuba production assurance system and provide necessary support ofcredit funds.(17)Increase the investment in science and technology.(18)Help making local farmers highlyorganized and informationized to realize the information management.(19)Give more publicity to JiaxianZizyphus jujuba brand. According to the research, we can know something about the current situation ofthe Zizyphus jujuba resources in Jiaxian and then make for the protection and utilization of high-qualityZizyphus jujuba varieties. Therefore, it can provide with theoretical foundation for Zizyphus jujubapreservation and offer some help for relevant scientific researches.更多还原