【作者】 崔凯；

【导师】 高志强；

【作者基本信息】 山西农业大学 ， 作物栽培与耕作学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验于2012-2013年在山西农业大学旱地小麦闻喜试验基地进行。采用大田试验,研究了旱地小麦休闲期覆盖配施氮磷肥对0—300cm土壤蓄水量、植株氮素吸收积累特性、品质与产量形成的影响。试图探索最佳覆盖方式和氮磷肥配施,为旱地小麦高产、稳产、高效提供理论依据。主要结果如下：(1)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对土壤蓄水量的研究表明,旱地小麦播前0—300cm土壤蓄水量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在160cm土层达到最低。休闲期覆盖较不覆盖可提高播前各土层土壤蓄水量,在40—80cm土层秸秆覆盖较地膜覆盖和不覆盖可提高播前土壤蓄水量,且效果达到显著；在20cm、100-300cm土层地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖和不覆盖可显著提高播前土壤蓄水量。各生育期0-300cm土壤蓄水量呈逐渐降低的趋势,越冬期最高,而成熟期较开花期土壤蓄水量增加。覆盖较不覆盖可提高越冬至开花期0—300cm土壤蓄水量,且越冬期和开花期差异达到显著水平。地膜覆盖配施180kg/hm2氮肥,增施磷肥可提高旱地小麦越冬期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和成熟期0—300cm土壤蓄水量,差异达到显著水平,且均以施磷量为150kg/hm2最高,225kg/hm2次之,75kg/hm2最低。总之,在施氮量为180kg/hm2,施磷量150kg/hm2时较其他氮磷配施可显著提高旱地小麦各生育期0—300cm土壤蓄水量,效果最好。(2)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对土壤养分的研究表明,覆盖可以显著提高旱地小麦各生育期0—20cm土层有机质和土壤速效磷含量,且采用地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖效果显著。土壤碱解氮在旱地小麦各生育期含量变现为先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,越冬期最高,拔节期最低。休闲期覆盖均可提高旱地小麦各生育期0—20cm土层碱解氮含量,地膜覆盖可提高旱地小麦越冬期至开花期0—20cm土层碱解氮含量且差异达到显著水平。在施氮量为180kg/hm2时,各生育期0—20cm土层有机质、土壤碱解氮和土壤速效磷含量均以施磷量为150kg/hm2时效果最好,差异与其他氮磷配施处理间达到显著水平。(3)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对株高和干物质量的研究表明,株高和干物质量随着生育期的推移均表现为逐渐升高的趋势,在成熟期达到最高。旱地小麦休闲期覆盖可提高株高和干物质量,且差异达到显著水平。地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖效果显著。总之,地膜覆盖配施180kg/hm2氮肥,150kg/hm2磷肥较其他氮磷配施处理可显著提高旱地小麦各生育期株高和干物质量。(4)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对氮素吸收积累的研究表明,氮素积累量随着旱地小麦生育期推移不断增加,休闲期覆盖可显著提高各生育期氮素积累量、出苗-拔节、拔节-开花期氮素吸收量及其比例；覆盖可提高旱地小麦各器官氮素积累量,以籽粒中含量最多,还可显著提高叶片和籽粒中的氮素积累量,籽粒所占比例差异也达显著水平,且均以地膜覆盖高于秸秆覆盖高于不覆盖。地膜覆盖配施180kg/hm2氮肥,150kg/hm2磷肥较其他氮磷配施处理可显著提高旱地小麦各生育期氮素积累量、植株各阶段氮素积累量和成熟期各器官氮素积累量。(5)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对产量及其构成的研究表明,休闲期深翻条件下覆盖可显著提高旱地小麦穗数、穗粒数、理论产量、实际产量及水分利用效率；地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖和不覆盖可显著提高旱地小麦穗数、理论产量和实际产量；旱地小麦地膜覆盖施氮量为180kg/hm2,施磷量为150kg/hm2较施氮量150kg/hm2,施磷量150kg/hm2可显著提高旱地穗粒数、理论产量和实际产量。(6)休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对成熟期籽粒蛋白质的研究表明,休闲期覆盖可提高旱地小麦成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量及其组分含量,还可提高成熟期5-15d籽粒蛋白质含量；地膜覆盖显著高于秸秆覆盖和不覆盖。在覆盖配施氮肥条件下,地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖和不覆盖可显著提高旱地小麦蛋白质及其组分含量。旱地小麦地膜覆盖施氮量为180kg/hm2,施磷量为150kg/hm2较施氮量150kg/hm2,施磷量150kg/hm2可显著提高旱地小麦清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量。总之,通过旱地小麦“休闲期深翻地膜覆盖配施氮肥180kg/hm2、磷肥150kg/hm2有利于提高0—300cm土壤蓄水量,增加产量及改善品质。更多还原

【Abstract】 The experiment was carried out in2012-2013wenxi test base dryland wheat Shanxi Agricultural University. A field experiment to study the dryland wheat fallow period covering the application of nitrogen fertilizer with phosphorus on0-300cm soil water storage, plant nitrogen uptake and accumulation, quality and yield formation. Trying to discover the best way to cover and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer for dryland wheat high yield, high efficiency provide a theoretical basis. The main results are as follows:(1) Fallow period covered by deep plowing with Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on soil water storage research shows that the former dryland wheat sowing0-300cm soil water storage was the first decline after rising trend in the160cm soil to a minimum. Fallow period covering less coverage can improve the soil before sowing soil water storage capacity each at40-80cm soil mulching straw mulch and do not cover over the soil before sowing can increase storage capacity, and the results were significant; at20cm,100-300cm soil mulching over the straw mulch and does not cover can significantly increase the storage capacity of the soil before sowing. All growth stages0-300cm soil water storage capacity was gradually decreased, the highest winter, and mature storage capacity of the soil to increase over the flowering period. Covering less coverage to improve winter flowering0-300cm soil water storage period and winter flowering differences and reach a significant level. Mulching fertilizer12kg/acre of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer can be added to improve dryland winter wheat, jointing, booting, flowering and maturity0-300cm soil water storage capacity, the difference was significant, and the amount of phosphorus are10kg/acre maximum,15kg/acre followed,5kg/acre minimum. In short, the nitrogen rate of12kg/acre,10kg/acre when compared with other phosphate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus applied can significantly improve the fertility of dryland wheat each0-300cm soil water storage capacity, the best results. (2) Fallow period covered by deep plowing with Nitrogen fertilizer on soil nutrient research suggests that coverage can significantly improve the fertility of dryland wheat each0-20cm soil organic matter and soil available phosphorus content, and the use of straw mulch mulching representing a significant effect. Soil nitrogen content is realized in all dryland wheat growing period after the first increase and then decrease to reduce the trend, the highest winter, jointing minimum. Fallow period covered by each growth stage can improve dryland wheat0-20cm soil nitrogen content, mulching can improve dryland winter wheat to flowering stage0-20cm soil nitrogen content and the difference was significant. In the nitrogen rate was12kg/acre when each growth stage0-20cm soil organic matter, soil nitrogen and phosphorus content of soil available phosphorus content of10kg are acres of the best when differences with other nitrogen and phosphorus treatment inter reached significant levels.(3) Leisure studies of deep plowing covered with Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on plant height and dry weight showed that plant height and dry weight over growth period showed a trend of gradually increased, reaching a maximum at maturity. Dryland wheat fallow period covered can increase the amount of plant height and dry, and the difference was significant. Mulching effect is significant compared with straw mulch. In short, mulching fertilizer12kg/acre of nitrogen,10kg/acre compared with other nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatment can significantly improve the fertility of each plant height and dry weight of dryland wheat.(4) Fallow period covered by deep plowing with Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on nitrogen uptake and accumulation studies suggest that accumulation of nitrogen fertility of dryland wheat goes along with increasing fallow period covered can significantly increase the amount of nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages, emergence-jointing, jointing-flowering of nitrogen uptake and proportion; coverage can increase the amount of nitrogen in each organ accumulation dryland wheat in grain content of most, but also significantly increase the accumulation of nitrogen in leaves and grain, grain percentage differences reached significant levels, and are higher than the straw mulch mulching is not covered above. Mulching fertilizer12kg/acre of nitrogen,10kg/acre compared with other nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatment can significantly increase the amount of nitrogen accumulated in various organs dryland wheat nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages, each stage of plant nitrogen accumulation and maturity. (5)Covered with deep plowing fallow period Nitrogen fertilizer on yield and composition studies showed that under the conditions fallow period covered by deep plowing can significantly improve dryland wheat spike, grain number, the theoretical yield, actual yield and water use efficiency; mulching over the straw mulch and does not cover can significantly improve dryland wheat spike, the theoretical yield and the actual yield; dryland wheat mulching Nitrogen is12kg/acre, phosphorus content of10kg/acre compared to nitrogen fertilizer10kg/acre, Shi phosphorus10kg/acre dryland grain can significantly increase the number of theoretical yield and actual yield.(6) Leisure studies of deep plowing covered with Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on grain protein showed maturity, fallow period covered by the content of its components can increase the protein content of grain dryland wheat maturity, maturity5-15d also improve grain protein content; straw mulching significantly higher coverage and is not covered. Cover with nitrogen conditions, mulching and no cover over the straw mulch can significantly increase the protein content of wheat in dryland and its components. Dryland wheat mulching Nitrogen is12kg/acre, phosphorus content of10kg/acre compared to nitrogen fertilizer10kg/acre, the amount of phosphorus10kg/acre can significantly improve dryland wheat albumin, gliadin and glutenin content.In short, by dryland wheat "leisure of deep plowing mulching with nitrogen12kg/acre, fertilizer10kg/acre will help improve the0-300cm soil water storage capacity, increase production and improve quality.更多还原