【作者】 刘霞；

【导师】 刘景辉； 李立军； 赵宝平；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 内蒙古清水河县属于典型的黄土高原旱作丘陵沟壑区,干旱缺水及长划的传统耕翻,造成作物出苗保苗难,单产低而不稳。保护性耕作措施具有明显的蓄水保墒、抗旱保苗、增产增收的效果。本文于2011-2013年内蒙古清水河县以燕麦品种坝莜1号为试验材料,研究免耕、秋松、春松、秋翻和春翻不同耕作措施对燕麦苗期相关性状、土壤理化性状与生物学特性及产量的影响,明确保护性耕作措施对燕麦抗旱保苗增产效应,以期为提高该地区旱作农田单产和效益提供理论依据与技术支持。研究结果如下：1免耕较其它处理能明显提高燕麦出苗率,免耕、秋松和春松有利于燕麦幼苗的生长,提高燕麦地上部鲜干重、燕麦苗期根系活力和叶片SPAD值。免耕处理2年平均出荫率较春翻和秋翻分别高出3.2和6.9个百分点；植株鲜重增加了3.56%-19.54%；植株干重处理增加了4.07%-16.37%；根系活力增加了2.82%-19.95%；SPAD值增加了0.91%-6.30%。2免耕、秋松和春松能改善作物生育期内土壤水分状况,提高土壤贮水量和土：壤稳定入渗率,增强了土壤的蓄水保水能力,为作物的良好生长提供保证；并能改善土壤团粒结构的分布,促进>2mm粒径土壤大团聚体的形成,提高>0.25mm土壤团聚体的含量。0-10cm土层,各处理>0.25mm土壤团聚体含量2年平均较春翻和秋翻高出19.50%-38.14%。深松能明显降低播前土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,且深松对燕麦收获期土壤容重的降低也有一定的作用。3免耕、秋松和春松能提高收获期土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量。各处理0-10cm土层的土壤有机质含量2年平均较春翻和秋翻高出5.24%-9.44%；碱解氮含量高出2.30%-7.24%；速效磷含量高出2.56%-7.19%：速效钾含量高山7.74%-10.16%。4免耕、秋松、春松能在一定程度上改善土壤生物学性状,提高土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性。在抽穗期0-40cm土层,各处理的微生物量碳含量2年平均较春翻和秋翻高出2.45%-9.80%；微生物量氮含量高出5.34%-17.91%；土壤过氧化氢酶活性高出4.41%-14.46%；土壤蔗糖酶活性2年平均较春翻高出4.66%-15.38%；土壤脲酶活性2年平均较春翻高出5.05%-16.09%。5免耕、秋松、春松均能明显提高燕麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,提高燕麦籽粒产量及水分利用效率,减少种植成本,提高经济效益。各处理2年的水分利用效效率平均较春翻和秋翻提高了1.30%-17.62%；籽粒产量提高了3.83%-17.98%。总产值提高了3.80%-17.86%；经济效益增加了465.35-1092.75元.hm-2。综合考虑燕麦苗期相关指标、土壤性状指标、产量及经济效益,以免耕、秋松和春松处理较好,且以秋松处理最佳。更多还原

【Abstract】 Qingshuihe County in Inner Mongolia is a typical dry farming hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau. Due to drought, water shortage and long tradition of plowing, leading to the difficulty of emergence and seedling keeping, low and unstable yield. Conservation tillage can keep moisture, keep seedling and increase production. This paper was conducted with oat cultivar Bayou1as the test material in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia in2011-2013. Studying the effects of different tillage managements (NT, SA, SS, PA and SA) on correlated characters at oat seedling stage, soil physicochemical and biological properties and yield to determine the effects of drought resistant, seedling keeping and yield increasing of conservation tillage and provide a reliable theoretical basis and technical support for production and efficiency improvement of rainfed farmland in the region. The results showed as follows:1NT compared with other treatments can significantly improve the emergence rate of oats, NT, SA and SS were conducive to the growth of oat seedlings, improve oat fresh and dry weight aboveground, root activity and SPAD values. The emergence rate of NT increased3.2and6.9than PS and PA respectively in2years. Plant fresh weight increased3.56%-19.54%, plant dry weight increased4.07%-16.37%, root activity increased2.82%-19.95%, SPAD value increased0.91%-6.30%.2NT, SA and SS can improve soil water conditions during the crop growth, improve soil water storage and soil stable infiltration rate, enhanced soil water retention capacity and provided a guarantee for a good crop growth; NT, SA and SS can also improve soil aggregate distribution structure, promote the formation of>2mm diameter large soil aggregates and increase the content of>0.25mm soil aggregates. In0-10cm soil layer,>0.25mm soil aggregates of each treatment increased19.50%-38.14%than PS and PA in2years. Subsoiling can significantly reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity before sowing. Subsoiling also had a certain effect in decreasing soil bulk density in oat harvest time.3NT, SA and SS can increase the soil organic matter, Alkeline-N, available P and available K content in harvest time. In2years, the average soil organic matter content of0-10cm layer of NT, SS and SA increased by5.24%-9.44%than PS and PA, Alkeline-N increased by2.30%-7.24%, available P increased by2.56%-7.19%, available K increased by7.74%-10.16%. 4NT, SA and SS can improve soil biological characteristics to a certain extent, improve the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity. At the heading stage of0-40cm soil layer, compared with PS, the microbial biomass C content of NT, SA and SS increased by2.45%-9.80%on average, microbial biomass N content increased by5.34%-17.91%, soil catalase activity increased by4.41%-14.46%, soil invertase activity increased by4.66%-15.38%, urease activity increased by5.05%-16.09%.5NT, SA and SS can significantly improve the number of spikes, grain number per spike and1000-grain weight, improve grain yield and water use efficiency in oat growing period. In2years, water use efficiency of each treatment increased by1.30%-17.62%, the grain yield increased by3.83%-17.98%, output increased by3.80%-17.86%; Economic benefit increased by465.35yuan·hm-2-1092.75yuan·hm-2.Considering the oat seedling related indicators, soil traits, yield and economic benefit, NT, SA and SS showed better, and SA was the best among those treatments.更多还原