【作者】 朱琳；

【导师】 马溪平；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 环境工程（专业学位）， 2014， 硕士

【副题名】以太子河流域为例

【摘要】 基于国家科技重大专项“流域水生态保护目标制定技术研究”课题的子课题“流域水生态系统保护指标筛选与目标确定技术”的部分研究内容，探究流域所需保护的大型底栖物种及类群，提出水生态保护目标制定的技术框架，为我国流域水质目标管理与河流生态修复标准的制定提供依据。我国水资源尤其是淡水资源存在的危机不可小觑，而地球上淡水资源的重要载体就是河流。河流为人类社会提供了重要的服务功能，也是最容易受人类活动影响的生态系统之一。我们面临的不仅是如何合理保护和持续利用正常的生态系统，更重要的是如何恢复和重建退化的生态系统。目前对河流水生生物影响的研究中，大型底栖动物是最主要的研究类群，这是因为大型底栖动物种类较多，在不同的河流水体中均有分布，其迁徙能力弱和生活史相对较长，能够响应长期所在区域内的生态条件变化。因此，以大型底栖动物作为研究对象开展水生生物物种、群落等对河流变化响应关系研究，具有较强的代表性和可操作性，对河流生态系统的保护、恢复和管理也将具有指导作用。丰富的生物多样性对人类的生存、社会的发展有着举足轻重的作用，保护、维持并发展现有的生物多样性，合理持续的开发利用生物资源，达到人与自然和谐统一是进行生物多样性研究的根本目标。可以全面并且持续代表某个地区生物多样性的物种或类群就是所要筛选确定的保护目标。而在生态学的研究中，由于资金、时间或技术上的限制，通常难以对研究区域内所有生物类群进行研究。基于一些物种与其他生物类群间的生境需求的相似性，常常应用某一物种或某一类群作为“代理种”（surrogate species）来研究生态区域管理和保护的问题，代理种包括指示种（indicator species）、伞护种（umbrella species）和旗舰种（flagshipspecies）。太子河流域位于我国辽宁省东南部，是大辽河水系的一条重要支流。基于太子河流域点位的布设、大型底栖动物的采集与鉴定、水体理化指标的监测、栖境的调查和土地利用类型获取的数据，利用统计学软件进行分析，分析大型底栖动物群落结构特征和空间分布格局，并计算得到的各项生物指数（如总个体数、马格里夫指数、均匀度指数、辛普森指数、香农多样性指数、B-IBI、BMWP、FBI、BI），并分析主要的环境影响因子。通过计算伞护值，对被假设的伞护种通过SPSSStatistics软件进行Kolmogorov–Smirnov检验，若P＜0.05被认为差异显著，则认为该物种可作为伞护种进行保护。在筛选指示类群时，把所有类群分成：双翅目（Diptera）、摇蚊科（Chironomidae）、蜉蝣目-襀翅目-毛翅目（EPT）、蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）、毛翅目（Trichoptera）、寡毛纲（Oligochaeta）、蛭纲（Hirudinea）、半翅目和鞘翅目（HC）、软体动物（Mollusc），检测每一分类类群与其余类群和总类群的一致性。应用聚类分析、无度量多维标定等方法，分析影响大型底栖动物分布的主要环境要素，主要研究结果如下：1）太子河流域的伞护种有蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）包括Epeoruslatifolium、 Serratella rufa、 Serratella setigera、 Ephemerellaatagosana；毛翅目（Trichoptera）包括Cheumatopsyche sp.、Hydropsycheorientalis、Hydropsyche nevae；双翅目（Diptera）大蚊科为Antocha sp.。采用典范对应分析（canonical correspondence analysis，CCA）研究环境因子对所筛选伞护种的影响。影响太子河流域大型底栖动物伞护种的主要环境因子有城市用地、NO3-N、泥沙含量、悬浮物（SS）。2）通过检验不同指示类群与剩余分类单元间相似组成模式的一致性，结合大型底栖动物的生活史和生态特征结果显示，蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）、襀翅目（Plecoptera）、毛翅目（Trichoptera）昆虫较适合作为该研究区域的指示类群。使用回归分析来检验12个相关性较弱的环境变量和指示物种丰富度之间的关系显示，河流中底质（sand%）、悬浮物、溶解氧（DO）、TN、土地利用（城市用地）等对指示类群的影响较大，应控制其在适当的范围内。3）同时，田螺科是随着生活环境的不同而决定了种类的不同。其中乌苏里圆田螺在辽河流域有所分布，属于近危、几近符合易危物种，应加以适当保护。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study is a part content of subject “river basin water ecosystem protectionindex screening with the target to determine technology” in the national science andtechnology major projects “river basin water ecological protection goal settingtechnology research”, exploring the species and groups of macroinvertebrate whichshould be protected for river basin, putting forward the technical framework forsetting the protective goal, in order to providing basis for the water quality objectivemanagement and ecological restoration in China.The crisis of water especially fresh water resources in China are more seriously,and the river is the important carrier of fresh water on earth, it is provides animportant service for human society, and it is also one of the ecological systemswhich most easily affected by human activity. The questions we faced are not onlyhow to protect and use the ecological system reasonably and sustainably, but moreimportant are how to restore and reconstruct the degraded ecosystem. Now, themacroinvertebrate is the main research in river aquatic organisms, because themacroinvertebrate has more species, and distributed in different river, its migrationof ability is weak and life cycle is relatively long, and it able to respond to ecologicalcondition changes within the area for a long time. Therefore, we use themacroinvertebrate as the research object will have guiding significance for protectingand managing the river ecosystem.The biological diversity is more important for human survival and thedevelopment of the society, our basic goal to study the biodiversity is to protect andmaintain the biodiversity, develop and utilize the biological resources reasonably. Thepurpose to determine the protection target is to insure the essential condition forrepresenting biodiversity of an area comprehensive and sustainable. In ecologicalresearch, due to the limit of time, funds, and technology, it is always hard to researchall organisms within the study area. Based on the similarity of habitat requirementsbetween some species and other organisms, we often used within a species or a groupas a “surrogate” to study the problems of regional management and ecologicalprotection, including indicator species, umbrella species and flagship species.TaiZi river basin is located in the southeast of Liaoning province in China, it isan important tributary of Liao river. Based on the data of setting the point, collectingand identifying the macroinvertebrate, monitoring the physical and chemical indicators of water, investigating the habitat and land types for TaiZi river, using avariety of statistical analysis software, analyzing the characteristic of themacroinvertebrate communities structure and the spatial distribution pattern,analyzing the main factors of the environmental impact, and calculating the bioticindex, such as the total number of individuals, Margalef’s index, Evenness index,Simpson’s diversity index, Shannon’s diversity index, B-IBI, BMWP, FBI, BI, andthe main environmental impact factors. By calculated the value of the umbrellaspecies, using SPSS Statistics software examine that which is assumed as umbrellaspecies by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, if P <0.05, that is considered as a umbrella specieto protected. When screen the indicator groups, all groups are divided into: Diptera,Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera-Plectoptera-Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera,Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, HC, and Mollusc, testing the congruence between theindicator group and remaining groups and all groups.This article is based on the surveying data in Taizi River Basin with sampling ofmacroinvertebrate communities and the factors of the environment, using a variety ofstatistical analysis software, analyzing the characteristic of the macroinvertebratecommunities structure and the spatial distribution pattern, analysis the main factors ofthe environmental impact; Application of clustering analysis, the weighted averagemethod and multidimensional calibration method, analysis the main environmentalfactors for affecting the large-scale distribution to macroinvertebrate, and using theShannon-Wiener index, Pielou evenness and some related biological index, the mainresults are as follows:（1）The umbrella species in TaiZi River Basin include Ephemeroptera (Epeoruslatifolium, Serratella rufa, Serratella setigera, Ephemerella atagosana), Trichoptera(Cheumatopsyche sp., Hydropsyche orientalis, Hydropsyche nevae), Diptera (Antochasp.). We use canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to research the influence of theenvironmental factors to the umbrella species, it is find that the main environmentalfactors are urban land, NO3-N, sediment concentration, suspended solids (SS).（2）By examining the assemblage similarity between the different indicatorgroups with the remaining groups, and combining the life cycle and ecologicalcharacteristics of the macroinvertebrate, the results is that the Ephemeroptera,Plecoptera, Trichoptera are more suitable for being indicator groups in the study area.Using regression analysis to test the12environmental factors which has weakcorrelation, and indicator groups richness, it is showed that substrate, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), TN and land use, urban land have more influence toindicator groups, it should be controlled in appropriate range.（3）At the same time, Viviparidae is the kind of macroinvertebrate which isdifferent determine by the living environment of the river. In addition,Cipangopaludina ussuriensis is distributes in Liao River basin, and it belongs to nearthreatensd and even vulnerable species, it should be protected properly.更多还原