明末清初基督教宇宙观在中国的传播

【作者】 张涛；

【导师】 孔庆典；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 西方基督教宇宙观在十六世纪初由耶稣会士传入中国，在其近两个世纪的传播过程中逐渐被中国人消化吸收并产生了不同的影响，其中最著名的影响就是直接促进了当时中西方文化的交流，中国人在翻译西方书籍后学习了先进的数理知识。冃甜对基督教宇宙观的研究主要集中在几个方面：一、亚里士多德基于常识的宇宙理论，这些理论散落在其著作中没有被集中到一起；二、托勒密以前人的理论为基础结合自己优异的数学计算能力提出的数理宇宙模型，由于需要较强的数学计算功底而鲜有人研究；三、明清时期中国各阶层的思想，有学者进行过文献的整理但未对宇宙理论部分进行研究。本文的重点在于对基督教宇宙观的形成、内容及其在中国的传播及影响进行研究。具体的研究工作包括：在全面搜集整理亚里士多德、托勒密和阿奎那等人相关著作的基础上，梳理基督教宇宙观的形成过程及其大致的内容；比较系统地梳理来华传教士对基督教宇宙观的阐释和传播，以及中国人对此的反应以及受到的影响。研究结果表明：基督教宇宙观是在阿奎那调和了亚里士多德的宇宙论和托勒密的天文学理论后正式形成的，其中基督教的教义更多地体现在亚里士多德的宇宙论中，而托勒密的天文学理论则主要用来保证理论与实测的吻合；这种分裂也导致了基督教宇宙观在由传教士传入中国后，中国人更接受的是托勒密的天文学理论，并且受其影响更大，而相应的批判则多集中在亚里士多德的宇宙论之上。本研究不仅有助于澄清学界中尚存的某些模糊认识，了解古希腊罗马时代的科学知识对中世纪天主教欧洲的影响，还能够体味到天主教欧洲与明清中国、耶稣会士与中国传统知识分子之间的文化分歧与碰撞，以及彼此的调和与相通，进而为重铸中外科学文化交流史上缺失的一环提供助益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Western Chirstian cosmology was brought to China by the Jesuits in the early16th century. And it spread gradually throughout China and was absorbed and digestedby Chinese people in the course of nearly two centuires, which had exerted differentinfluences. Among those influences was the most notably impact that contirbuted tothe direct exchange of western and Chinese cultures. When Chinese people didtranslations of western books they learn the advanced mathematical knowledge.Current research about the Christian cosmology focuses on several aspects: first,it is about Aristotl’es theory of the universe based on common sense. But thesetheories scattered in his writings has not been collected. Second, it is about thePtolemy’s theory based on those studies before his age were combined with his ownexcellent mathematical ability, which in turn led to the mathematical model of theuniverse. However, few people have touched the study of this area due to itsdemanding requirement of excellent mathematical ability. Third, scholars from allwalks of life had collected and arranged theoretical literature during the Ming andQing dynasties but they did not do research about the theoires of universe.This paper focuses on the formation of Christian cosmology and the differentreactions of Chinese people about it atfer it was brought to china. Specific researchincludes: on the basis of the comprehensive collection of Airstotle’s writings thispaper mainly endeavors to explore and do research about the thoughts of the universe,as it is valuable reference for the scientific research in the future. Having sorted outthe speciifc attitudes of objection and support toward the western Chirstian cosmologyin ancient times, this paper concludes that Chinese people accepted the Chirstiancosmology separately due to the different cognitive ability atfer the integrated westernworldview was brought into China.The result show that:Christian cosmology is to reconcile Aquinas atfer Aristotle’scosmology and Ptolemaic astronomy theory was officially formed, in which Christiandoctirne more reflected in Airstotle’s cosmology rather Ptolemaic astronomy theory ismainly used to ensure consistent theoretical and measured;this also led to a split in thechristian cosmology by missionaries came to China, Chinese people are moreaccepted theory of Ptolemy’s astronomy, and affected more, while criticism is moreappropriate to focus on the cosmology of Airstotle.At preset time, though the public has more or less knowledge of the theory aboutthe universe they have some misunderstandings about the cosmic system, which wasbrought into China in the seventeenth century. This paper means to clear up thesemisunderstandings through the analysis of the theory of the universe in that peirod’which can help address peoples confusion.更多还原