【作者】 韩勇；

【导师】 张殿清；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 世界史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 12世纪英格兰发生了严重的通货膨胀，导致国王对货币的需求增加；与此同时，受再分封、贵族侵占等因素的影响，“军事领保有关系”十分混乱，从而使国王很难将服役骑士召集齐全。面对这种情况，亨利二世于1159年开始征收兵役免除税。起初的兵役免除税只是一项以钱代役的临时措施，到约翰时期发展成了一项固定制度，爱德华一世时期被取消。围绕兵役免除税征收所引发的一系列重大事件，影响了英格兰由封建社会向近代社会转型的进程。首先，国王与男爵之间围绕征税权等关键问题的争论直接推动了《大宪章》的产生，为以后议会获得批税权提供了法律依据。其次，国王利用兵役免除税从大陆招募雇佣兵，推动了英格兰雇佣兵制取代封建兵役制的进程。这一过程有力地冲击了服役骑士的效忠观念，导致英格兰的封建主义走向衰落。最后，一部分免除兵役的骑士开始投资实业，职业和身份均发生了变化。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the twelfth Century, the king of England was once in urgent need for money due to aserious inflation. To make things worse, the king also found it hard to call the knights tomilitary service as the system of “military tenure” was severely damaged by thesubinfeudation and the noble’s illegal occupation of lands. Faced with this situation, Henry IIlevied scutage in1159. The scutage, a temporary measure to substitute money for service atthe beginning, developed into a fixed institution in the reign of John and was cancelled byEdward I.A series of significant incidents related to the scutage had an impact on the transition ofEngland from feudal society to modern society. First of all, the disputes between the king andthe barons over some critical problems such as the right of taxation prompted the birth ofMagna Carta, which provided legal support for the parliament to obtain the right of taxation.Secondly, the scutage enabled the king to employ a large number of mercenaries frommainland, which promoted the transition from feudal military service system to mercenarysystem in England. In consequence, the idea that knights should be loyal to the king wasweakened and some knights exempting from military service invested in industry and thuschanged their occupation and social identity, which led to the decline of feudalism.更多还原