【作者】 张红；

【导师】 安建东；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 特种经济动物饲养， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 对于众多开花作物,昆虫传粉在提高产量和改善果实品质方面发挥着十分重要的作用。随着桃设施栽培产业的发展,利用蜂类传粉已成为设施桃栽培管理的必备措施之一。为了探明密林熊蜂和西方蜜蜂传粉对设施桃的影响,本文研究了设施桃的开花生物学特性、以及两种蜂传粉对设施桃受精生理及果实发育的影响。取得了如下研究结果：(1)设施条件下不同桃品种的开花生物学特性本研究比较了“大久保”、“早露蟠”、“瑞光5号”和“90342”4个主栽桃品种的开花生物学特性。结果表明：“大久保”与“早露蟠”的单花盛开期长达4-5d,“90342”单花盛开期最短,仅为2d；单花花粉数量由高到低依次为“90342”(100360±8017)、“大久保”(91485±8002)、“瑞光5号”(73245±5034)、“早露蟠”(59609±5048)；“大久保”和“早露蟠”花粉寿命较长,为6-7d,“瑞光5号”和“90342”花粉寿命较短,仅3d；“大久保”、“早露蟠”和“瑞光5号”的柱头可授期为6-7d,而“90342”柱头可授期仅3d。(2)密林熊蜂和西方蜜蜂传粉对设施桃受精生理的影响本研究以花粉量较大、花粉寿命和柱头可授期较长的“大久保”为材料,观察2种蜂传粉后设施桃柱头花粉沉降数量、花粉管生长和子房发育情况。密林熊蜂无论是单次访花还是一天内随机访花,其柱头花粉沉降数量均显著多于西方蜜蜂。密林熊蜂访问的桃花,花粉管在传粉7d后到达子房并伸入胚珠,半数以上的桃花在传粉9-11d后完成受精；经西方蜜蜂访问的桃花,花粉管在传粉7-9d后到达子房,花粉管在子房内停留2-4d后方继续生长进入胚珠,并且半数以上桃花在传粉13-15d后才能完成受精。传粉后5d内,蜂类传粉和限制传粉的桃子房发育无显著差异；但在5-7d后经熊蜂传粉的桃子房发育显著快于蜜蜂传粉,限制传粉的桃子房发育迟缓。(3)密林熊蜂和西方蜜蜂传粉对设施桃果实发育的影响限制传粉的设施桃在盛花期后4周内出现大量落花落果,蜂类传粉可以降低设施桃早期落花率；经密林熊蜂传粉的设施桃早期座果率显著高于西方蜜蜂传粉；密林熊蜂传粉的设施桃果实发育速度快于西方蜜蜂传粉,导致果实提前成熟；与人工授粉相比,蜂类传粉可以显著提高桃果实的VC含量、糖含量及可溶性固形物含量,但2种蜂之间,果实品质无显著影响。本研究表明,经密林熊蜂传粉的桃花柱头花粉沉降数量高、花粉管生长速度快、受精时间短、子房发育快,在果实发育阶段则表现为座果率高且果实较早成熟,据此推测,传粉过程中较高的柱头花粉沉降数量可以加快设施桃的受精进程进而对设施桃座果结实产生影响。研究结果为传粉作用机制贡献了新的内容,也为设施农业蜂传粉提供了理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Insect pollinators play an important role in increasing yield and improving fruit quality for many crops. With the development of peach cultivation within greenhouses, bee pollination has become an essential part of management. In order to study the pollination mechanism of greenhouse peach and to evaluate the pollination efficiency of Bombus patagiatus and Apis mellifera, flowering biology, fertilization and fruit development of greenhouse peach were examined in this study. The principal results include:(1)Flowering biology of different peach cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Four major peach cultivars (Prunus persica’Okubo’, P. persica ’Zaolupan’, P. persica ’Ruiguang5’ and P. persica ’90342’) were investigated in this study. The results showed that the ’full-bloom stage’ for single flowers of cultivar ’90342’lasted two days, significantly shorter than that of the other three cultivars, in which the full-bloom stage lasted4-5days. Significant variations were observed in pollen quantity. Cultivar ’90342’ had the largest number of pollen grains per flower (100360±8017), followed by ’Okubo’(91485±8002),’Ruiguang5’(73245±5034) and then ’Zaolupan’(59609±5048). Pollen viability lasted for just three days in ’Ruiguang5’and’90342’, whereas it lasted for6-7days in ’Okubo’ and ’Zaolupan’. The stigma receptive period lasted for6-7days after the flowers opened fully in ’Okubo’,’Zaolupan’ and ’Ruiguang5’. In contrast, the receptive period lasted for just three days after the flowers opened fully in cultivar ’90342’.(2)The impact of pollination by B. patagiatus and A mellifera on fertilization of greenhouse peach. In order to evaluate the impact of pollination by B. patagiatus and A mellifera on fertilization of greenhouse peach, pollen deposition, pollen tube performance, and ovary development were investigated in the ’Okubo’. The results showed that B. patagiatus deposited more pollen grains on peach stigma than A. mellifera during both single visit and one-day visit. In flowers pollinated by B. patagiatus, pollen tubes arrived at ovary and penetrated into ovule within7days after pollination, and half of the investigated flowers were fertilized within9-11days after pollination; in comparison, pollen tubes in flowers pollinated by A. mellifera arrived at the ovary within7-9days after pollination, but they did not penetrate into ovule until2-4days later, and half of the flowers were fertilized within7-9days after pollination. There was no difference in ovary development between the bee pollinated flowers and the bagged flowers within the first5days after pollination, however, an apparently faster ovary growth observed in bee pollinated flowers about5-7days later, with ovary from flowers visited by B. patagiatus grew faster than those visited by A. mellifera.(3)The impact of pollination by B. patagiatus and A. mellifera on fruit development of greenhouse peach. Without pollination, a significant fruit drop appeared in the’Okubo’4weeks after full blooming. In comparison, pollination by the two bee species significantly enhanced the initial fruit set. Furthermore, flowers pollinated by B. patagiatus produced significantly higher fruit set than those pollinated by A. mellifera. We also found that the fruit pollinated by B. patagiatus grew faster and harvested earlier than the fruit pollinated by A. mellifera. No significant differences were found in quality between fruit pollinated by the two bee species, however, bees pollination did improve the fruit VC, sugar and soluble solid content compared with fruit pollinated by hand.The results show that for greenhouse peaches, the bumblebee B. patagiatus deposits more pollen grains on the stigma, causes faster pollen-tube growth and ovary development, and results in higher fruit set and earlier harvest. We assume that higher pollen deposition can stimulate the process of fertilization and have a significant impact on fruit set. This study contributes new information on the pollination mechanism and will be useful for managing the bee pollination of greenhouse peach.更多还原