【作者】 罗洁；

【导师】 陈晓湘；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 汉语是声调语言，有四个声调和一个轻声。国内外对汉语声调的研究大部分是针对四个声调而展开(Chen&Kent,2009; Cheng,1973; Chuang&Hiki,1972;Clumeck,1980; Gao, Shi&Li,2010; Li&Thompson,1977; Shen&Lin,1991; Shi,1991; Wang,1967; Zhu&Dodd,2000and2002; and many others)，只有寥寥几篇是关于轻声习得的研究(Li&Thompson,1977; Zhu&Dodd,2000)。大部分对轻声的研究是以成人轻声音节为研究对象，探讨其声学特征，即时长，音强，基频及元音音色。关于儿童轻声习得的研究表明儿童4岁并未完全掌握轻声。本学位论文通过对32名只讲汉语普通话的长沙幼儿园学生进行调查研究，具体探讨以下三个问题：1)南方汉语儿童何时习得轻声？2)对于五种典型轻声音节，南方汉语儿童的习得顺序是什么？3)南方汉语儿童轻声音节有怎样的声学特征？受试者是32名只讲普通话的3岁6个月至5岁6个月大的长沙儿童。根据年龄受试者被分为四个组，以6个月为一年龄段。儿童在幼儿园自然环境下完成图片命名任务。总计提取了1280个以轻声音节结尾的双音节。用宽式国际音标标注语料。作者两次独立完成分音和标注之后，之后请两位汉语方向研究生进行再次核对，内部信度达93.2%，外部信度达95.1%。针对前面两个研究问题，本文采用了Zhu(2002)的66.7%习得标准进行统计分析。而后以已完全习得轻声的儿童产出的轻声词为研究对象，探索南方汉语儿童轻声音节的声学特征。本文采用对数Z-Score对基频进行规整，从而得出其五度值的方法。在研究的基础上主要有以下发现：1)儿童在4岁6个月至5岁时已习得轻声。2)儿童词汇中的5种典型轻声音节的习顺序是：叠词>以语气助词“的”结尾的词>以“个”结尾的指示词和数词>以“子”结尾的名词>词汇类轻声。3)时长，音强、基频和元音音色都是轻声的重要声学特征。轻声音节的时长明显比前音节的时长短，但其比例不稳定。轻声音节的基频曲拱随前音节声调而变化。轻声音节的音强不一定比前音节小。儿童有元音央化现象但其元音格局仍然可辨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language. It has four full tones and a neutral tone.Most research is focused on the acquisition of the four full tones at home and abroad(Chen&Kent,2009; Cheng,1973; Chuang&Hiki,1972; Clumeck,1980; Gao, Shi&Li,2010; Li&Thompson,1977; Shen&Lin,1991; Shi,1991; Wang,1967; Zhu&Dodd,2000and2002; and many others), and just few are about the acquisition ofneutral tone (Li&Thompson,1977; Zhu&Dodd,2000). The subjects in moststudies of neutral tone are adults and their productions of neutral-toned syllables arestudied acoustically to explore their acoustic characteristics that can tell the neutraltone from four full tones. Four acoustic properties are duration, intensity,fundamental frequency and vowel quality. There are several studies concerningneutral tone acquisition. And the results show that children have not fully acquiredneutral tone before the age of4. This thesis attempts to explore the neutral toneacquisition by southern Mandarin-speaking children through investigating32Mandarin-speaking children in Changsha, Hunan Province. Both statistical andacoustic analyses are used.Specifically, this thesis addresses the following three questions:1) When do the southern Mandarin-speaking children acquire the neutral tone?2) What is the acquisition order of the five typical neutral-toned syllables forsouthern Mandarin-speaking children?3) What are the acoustic properties of neutral-toned syllables produced bysouthern Mandarin-speaking children?The subjects are32children of3;6to5;6in Changsha and they just speakMandarin Chinese. They were divided into four groups with an interval of6months.They were required to finish a picture-naming task in their kindergarten.1280disyllables with a final neutral-toned syllable were gained and transcribed with thebroad IPA. The author completed the segmentation and transcription twice alone,and two other postgraduates majoring in Mandarin Phonetics rechecked once. Theintra-reliability was95.1%and the inter-reliability was93.2%.Statistical analysis was used to solve the first and second research questions.And Zhu (2000)’s66.7%criteria of acquisition was used in the statistical analysis.And disyllables with a final neutral-toned syllable produced by children who produced all the target words correctly were studied acoustically. F0was normalizedby converting values into logarithmic Z-score.On the basis of the research, the findings below were obtained:1) The subjects aged from4;6to5;0have acquired neutral tone.2) The acquisition order of the five typical types of neutral-toned syllables inchildren’s vocabulary is: reduplication> de (particle)> ge (classifier)> zi(particle)> lexeme type.3) Duration, intensity, fundamental frequency and vowel quality are importantacoustic properties of neutral tone. Duration of a neutral-toned syllable is obviouslyshorter than that of the preceding syllable. But the ratio between these syllables isnot stable. F0contours of neutral-toned syllables vary with the preceding tones. Theintensity of the neutral-toned syllables is not always less than that of full-tonedsyllables. The vowels in neutral-toned syllables are reduced with a recognizablevowel space.更多还原