【作者】 王俊杰；

【导师】 李建设；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 设计艺术学， 2013， 硕士

【副题名】以近代南京建筑为例

【摘要】 本文以南京地区为例，探析民国建筑的发展历程，反思民国时期传统建筑向现代建筑发展的时代变迁大背景之下，传统固有式的局限性。民国时期的建筑史基本始于鸦片战争持续到新中国成立之前。因外国建筑文化的思潮和中国传统建筑思想碰撞，使中国近代建筑形成特有的风格。本文写作目的在于以南京建筑为例，探析中国近代建筑史的转型。鸦片战争后期清政府签订了丧权辱国的《南京条约》，打开了中国近千年来闭关锁国的封建社会，同时在客观上带来了西方国家的建筑历史的文明，迫使中国从传统的建筑观念走向现代建筑文化的新时期。南京在民国建筑体系中具有重要的历史地位。1912年中华民国成立了临时国民政府，定都南京。国民政府相继出台了《首都计划》，要求在南京政府工程的建造和公共设施都必须是中国模式①，之后出现了一批融合了中西方文化的新型建筑体系，统称近代民国建筑体系。根据南京民国建筑风格，可以将民国时期的南京建筑梳理为四个类别，这四个类别基本概括了南京民国时期现存的历史文化遗迹。第一类为中国传统的民族型式建筑，最具标志性的建筑为南京中山陵，它享誉海内外，已成为南京的标志性建筑。第二类是新民族形式建筑，主要特征为中西合璧的建筑造型特征，南京民国建筑其代表为总统府建筑群。第三类西方古典式建筑，特征是以古典柱式为构图的基础，突出轴线，讲究主从关系，注重比例与对称。第四类为西方现代主义建筑，这种风格的建筑强调建筑式样与时俱进，主张摆脱历史上过时的建筑式样的束缚，积极采用新材料和新结构，创造出反映时代特征的新建筑风格。民国时期建筑研究关键点在于南京民国建筑造型艺术分析。南京民国建筑在空间的造型上经过从西式传统、中式传统，逐渐向现代形式发展。本文从两方面进行分析，首先是形态特征的分析，中西合璧的建筑在外部形体的塑造和组织上，都保留了古典主义建筑的造型特点:建筑的体积感和雕塑感。其次就是立面形态造型分析，南京吸收西方古典建筑的中间部分一般采用爱奥尼亚柱式结构，且左右两边的建筑结构及门窗，都呈对称形式分布。民国时期南京建筑历史文化价值观主要体现在两个方面：1、体现在科学性与民族性的价值观上。在民族形式的探索过程中，中国建筑师利用现代的建筑材料，通过采用西方的体量组合及功能划分，局部添加传统装饰元素等设计手法，逐步形成了一种中国传统风格倾向。2、体现于中国固有式的特殊的建筑理念。现代建筑体量上施以传统构件、纹样细部装饰的处理方式，成为“民族形式”建筑的一种重要模式。对传统固有式的反思与现代建筑国际性展望。中国的文化民族主义者既承认建筑科学技术具有世界性、普遍性，同时又强调建筑风格的历史传承，也就是民族性和特殊性，这为以西洋文明发扬我国固有文明的“中国固有形式”提供了理论依据。中国古典式因为经济上的损失和时间的耗费，不适用于近代，用于当时政府建筑过渡。建筑无论是中国式的还是现代式外观，其平面只可能是按照得到的最新知识作出合理的和科学的平面布置。民国时期在面对国际性的现代建筑运动，接受了科学技术的世界性、普遍性带来的国际化建筑文化潮流，渐渐走出传统与现代之间的徘徊与困惑。更多还原

【Abstract】 In Nanjing area as an example, this paper discusses the development course of architecture of theRepublic of China and reflection during the period of the Republic of China traditional architecture tomodern architecture development time changes under the big background, the traditional inherentlimitations. The period of the Republic of China’s architectural history began from the Opium War to thebasic period before the founding of new china. Because of the collision between foreign architecturalculture of thought and traditional Chinese architecture ideas, modern Chinese architectural formed a uniquestyle. The purpose of this dissertation is to use buildings in Nanjing as an example, to discuss thetransformation of Chinese modern architectural history.When the Qing government signed the “Treaty of Nanjing” after the Opium War, what both liberatedthe chinese feudal society from thousands years of isolation, and also forced China to the new period ofmodern architecture culture from the traditional architectural concept. Nanjing has an important historicalstatus in the Republic of China Building system. The Republic of China in1912set up a provisionalnational government capital in Nanjing, the national government promulgated the”Capital Plan”,whichrequired construction and public facilities of Nanjing government project must be the Chinese model, thenthere presented a number of new building system combined Chinese with western cultural elements,generally named as modern building system of the republic of China.According to the architecture style, modern architecture in Nanjing can be divided into four categories,and the four basic categories basically include the historical and cultural relics in Nanjing during the periodof Republic of china. First class is the traditional Chinese nation-building. The most iconic buildings is theDr. Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum in Nanjing, it is famous at home and abroad has become a landmark ofNanjing. The second kind is the new form of nation building, and the main characteristics is its Chinese andWestern architectural style characteristic of the modern architecture. in Nanjing, the presidential officebuildings can be the representative work. The third kind is the Western classical architecture, which ischaracterized by the classical orders as the composition foundation, making the axis highlight, and focusingon the master-slave relationship and the proportion and symmetry. Fourth kind is the Western modern architecture, and this style of architecture emphasizes the style of architecture should be go with the timesand advocate getting rid of outdated style of architecture history bound, taking actions to make use of thenew materials and new structure, in order to create the new architecture which reflect the characteristics ofthe new era.The key of research about The Republican period is the analysis of architectural art in Nanjing. Themodeling in space of Nanjing’s Republican architecture is from the Western traditional style, Chinesetraditional style, gradually developing toward to the modern style. This article express this case in twoaspects, the first is the analysis of morphological character, shape and organization in the external form ofChinese and Western style buildings retains the shape characteristics of classical architecture: the sense ofArchitectural volume and sculpture. The second is the analysis of three-dimensional shape modeling. Themiddle part of Nanjing absorbing Western classical architecture generally use the Ionic order structure. Theleft and right structures on both sides of the windows and doors, are symmetrical distribution.During The Republican period, Nanjing Architectural and historical and cultural values are reflected inmainly two aspects:1.The scientific and national values. In the exploration process of national form, Chinese architectsmake use of modern building materials, through the western way of combination of mass and the partitionof function, by using some design methods like adding some local traditional decorative elements,andgradually formed a kind of Chinese traditional style.2.The Chinese inherent and special architectural concept. The modern building mass with thetraditional way of handling component and pattern decoration, become an important mode of “the buildingof national style". International Perspectives on modern architecture and the introspection on the traditionaland inherent architecture. Chinese cultural nationalists not only admit that building science and technologyhas the qualities of worldwide and universality, but also stressed that the architectural style has thehistorical inheritance, which called nationality and particularity as well, providing theoretical basis forWestern civilization to develop “Chinese inherent form".Classical Chinese architecture does not apply tomodern times,just for prevailing government buildings transition because of its high economic losses andtime consuming.Whether the Chinese style or modern style appearance the building is, the plane can onlybe the reasonable and scientific layout which is made in accordance with the latest knowledge obtained. In the face of international modern architecture movement, the period of the Republic of China acceptedscience and technology’s worldwide, universality and the coming trend of international architecturalculture, gradually getting out of wandering and confusion between tradition and modernity.更多还原