内克尔与法国旧制度末年的财政危机

【作者】 王玲；

【导师】 洪庆明；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 世界史， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 雅克·内克尔，一位备受争议的旧制度末年财政改革大臣，他在1777年至1781年间，被任命为路易十六的财政总监，肩负为君主筹集钱财支援美国战争的重任。然而，旧制度末年的法国一直“重症缠身”，严重的财政危机一直是法国数位君主的心头梦魇，内克尔在执掌法国财政期间，除了为战争筹款，他在革除财政上的沉疴弊病上也付出了大量精力。然而，内克尔并不是勇举财政改革大旗的第一人，如同他的前任一样，他的改革努力最终付诸东流。本文旨在通过分析雅克·内克尔财政改革的背景、理念以及改革具体的内容，结合旧制度末年法国社会政治背景，来探讨在旧制度末年财政改革的艰难，失败的财政改革加重了本已岌岌可危的财政负担，直接导致了1789年风暴的来临，给危如累卵的旧制度最沉重的一击！此外，无论是在旧制度末年还是在近现代史学界，内克尔由于财政改革的失败，他个人一直倍受非议与否定，在这篇文章中，笔者也意图通过对内克尔个人执政史的论述，来为内克尔“正名”。本篇文章共分为三个大的章节，第一章节为背景介绍，着重描述了旧制度末年法国社会以及政府出现的衰竭；第二章节即本文的重点章节，主要描述内克尔财政改革的背景、理念、内容以及改革的失败与思考；第三章节为本文的结论章节，为本文的两个写作目的作总结，即为雅克·内克尔正名以及探索体制矛盾与改革的重要关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Jacques Necker was a controversial statesman of Louis XVI, who had served asGeneral Controller from1777to1781.He was appointed to raise money to supportAmerican War. Unfortunately, the Ancient Regime had been struggling in a seriousfinance crisis for a long time. During the5years of being General Controller, inaddition to raising money for war, Necker focused more attention on the reform ofFrench finance. Although Necker was not the first person to implement fiscal reform,like his predecessors, his reform went bankruptcy. The purpose of this article is toanalyze the difficulties and resistances of fiscal reform under the background ofancient regime. Otherwise, Necker’s first ministry has not been well understood, assome writers in recent years pointed out. At the same time, this paper will make agood rehabilitation of the Geneva banker. This article is divided into three majorsections. The first chapter introduces the situation of French society of the end of18thcentury, focusing on the collapse ancient regime. The second part describes the fiscalreform of Jacque Necker, which is the most meaningful contents of the paper. Thethird is the conclusion of this paper, namely rehabilitating Necker and elaborating therelationships between reforms and system contradictions.更多还原